Cosmetic surgery

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Cosmetic Surgery

Have you ever wished you had the beauty of Helen of Troy? Have you ever dreamed your face could launch a thousand ships? Well cosmetic surgery turns that dream into a reality. If the price is right cosmetic surgery can give the consumer the power to transform himself into a model of perfection. Cosmetic surgery is one of the fastest growing industries in America.

Cosmetic surgery is one of the two branches of plastic surgery. It attempts to improve the appearance of aging tissue or unattractive parts of the body (Georgiade 4). Cosmetic surgery is a word derived from the Greek word plastikos, meaning "fit for molding" (Tesar 67 & 68). The field of plastic surgery is the most rapidly growing specialty in American medicine, and the growth of plastic surgeons between the years 160-000 increased 1100 percent ("The dangers of…" 4 & 5). According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of cosmetic surgeries for people ages 51-64 years old in the United States increased more than 50 percent from 16-1. Nine percent of all cosmetic procedures are performed on men. Liposuction is number one, nose jobs rank second, and eyelid surgeries are third. The number of cosmetic procedures performed on seniors in the U.S. also increased more than 50 percent from 16-1. The most popular procedure for both age groups is eyelid surgery, face-lifts, liposuction, and skin resurfacing ("Going under the knife…" 1-).

About 15 of every 100 cosmetic operations are performed on teenagers. The most popular among teens are nose jobs, ear surgery, male breast reduction, dermabrasion, and

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liposuction (Brynie 16). According to the ASPRS over million women in the United States have had breast implant surgery ("The dangers of…" 1& ). Most cosmetic surgeries are not historically covered by insurance ("Going under the knife" 4).

If you are someone that has a problem with your physical appearance, there's a good chance that there is a cosmetic procedure to correct it. One the most common types of cosmetic surgeries is the face-lift. The face-lift promises to eliminate smile lines, saggy jowls, and double chins. In the surgical operation, an incision is made inside and behind the ear skin separating from underlying tissue, and then skin is redrapped higher on the face. A face-lift costs about $,500, and lasts 10 years (Hu 8). For women in their mid 40s to early 50s, a mid-face lift is a great alternative to the total face-lift. A mid-face lift elevates the brow and soft tissues of the cheek, and is best for a person whose neck and lower face need no tightening (" New in cosmetic…" 1). In a brow-lift small incisions are made above the hairline and skin and soft tissues are elevated then skin is repositioned. A brow-lift costs $4,000 t0 $8,000 and lasts indefinitely (Hu 8). A cheek or chin implant surgery is carried out by wrapping a silicone implant around the cheek or chin. These surgeries last indefinitely. It costs $1,000 t0 $5,000 for a chin implant, and $,000 to $,000 for a cheek implant (8 & 40). A nose job is when a plastic surgeon trims down, re shapes, or augments bone and cartilage in the nose. A nose job costs $,000 to $7,000 and lasts indefinitely (8 & 40). Nose jobs are ranked 5th among most common cosmetic surgeries for men (Brynie 14).The American Society for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery estimates over 15,000 women a year now receives breast implants. Twenty-five percent of the implants are for post cancer reconstruction, and over 100,000 implants are done on women who choose to enlarge their breasts ("The dangers of…" 1). Breast augmentation surgery costs from $,000 to $6,000. The implant is placed behind the chest muscle through an incision made in the armpit or in the crease under the breast. All silicone implants are flexible ().Liposuction is the 4th most popular cosmetic procedure among women, and the rd among men (Brynie 14). Liposuction is performed by using a vibrating instrument to break up fat inside a patient. A mixture of local anesthesia and adrenaline is infused into the area being operated on to reduce bleeding and bruising, and then unwanted fat is suctioned out. Liposuction last indefinitely, unless the patient gains more than 15 pounds, and it costs $4,000 t0 $7,000 (Hu 40). Both conventional and the newer ultrasonic type of liposuction can be performed on hips, thighs, tummies, breasts, knees, ankles, and parts of the face. These are contouring operations, not ones to remove pounds although some may become thinner ("Novel liposuction…" ). A great new trick called lipofilling makes use of the fat removed by liposuction to build up other areas such as filling out cheeks on the face, or by redefining a jaw line. This new method of liposuction was inspired by patients ("Snip, suction, stretch, & truss…" 1). For a breast reduction, a small incision is made and excess fat is removed by liposuction. A breast reduction lasts indefinitely and is covered by insurance. It costs $6,000 to 10,000, and is a popular surgery among men as well as women (Hu 40). A tummy tuck is an operation done by removing excess skin and fat through a long incision near the pubic hairline. Next, muscles are tightened to achieve a smooth surface (40). The collagen used for collagen injections is purified from cow skin and is used for various cosmetic purposes. Bovine, isolagen, or dermalogen collagen is used to plump up wrinkles on the face, give lips a fuller look, or diminish acne scars. Injections last months, and prices vary depending on the type of collagen used. Bovine collagen costs $00, isolagen costs $1,000, and dermalogen costs $400 (Brynie 15). Dermabrasion is the surgical removal of the surface layer of skin by high-speed sanding. Doctors use an abrasive wheel or wire brush, rotating at high speeds to scrape away skin. The procedure is done to remove acne scars, wrinkles, tattoos, and pre cancerous lesions. A popular alternative to dermabrasion is resurfacing with a carbon dioxide laser (Brynie 15). Laser resurfacing and chemical peels are carried out by glycolic or trichloracetic acid peels that burn away the top layer of skin, and then the skin on the patients face is vaporized by laser resurfacing. A chemical peel lasts a few months and laser resurfacing lasts a year. Chemical peels cost $,000 and laser resurfacing costs $5,000 (Hu 40). Retin-A treatment was recently sought out by 00,000 men and women to improve skin texture, smooth wrinkles, and cure acne scars. Retin-A surgery is the number 1 cosmetic treatment for women and number for men (Brynie 1 & 14).The reasons people have cosmetic surgery varies from person to person. Often patients decide to receive cosmetic surgery because they are on a quest of perfection. Many customers feel a boost of self-esteem after their surgery (Plastic Surgery 1). More often than not, today's face-lift clients are fitness buffs who view a little surgical correction as the finishing touch to their efforts at the health club ("Snip, suction, stretch, & truss…" 1). Plastic surgeon, Dr. Michael Clinton, stated "Because people are living better, they want to look as god as they feel. Look around your local gym. A lot of guys in their 50s and 60s are working out. Some turn to cosmetic surgery because they want to look as good as they feel ("Going under the knife…" )."Ultrasonic liposuction is gaining national attention for its capability to allow doctors to remove fat from more obese people ("Novel liposuction…" 1-). Youngsters in Britain and the U.S. are electing to go under the knife in growing numbers. There are no legal minimums on age and often no counseling is given. One observer found a clinic admitting to have given implants to girls as young as 15. Sandra, a 17-year-old patient, stated this about her newfound love of her implants "I had really little breasts and felt embarrassed. I'm more confident and wear low tops ("Young adolescents seek…" 6b)." Each year thousands of men undergo breast reduction surgery to treat gynecomatia, an excessive development of breasts in males (Tesar 6). Older men also resort to hair transplants to correct male pattern baldness (71). An explanation as to why Americans have cosmetic surgery was best summed up by Steven Soll, a L.A. financial planner, "I could go out and spend $0,000 on a car to make myself feel better, or I could spend $,000 to change something that has always bothered me ("Snip, suction, stretch, & truss…" ).Although cosmetic surgery helps many people, sometimes there are problems. In a face-lift there can be bleeding under the skin, nerve damage, infection, and hair loss (Hu 8 & 40). Complications are rare but some patients experience scatting, bleeding under the skin, or damage to facial nerves resulting in loss of feeling or muscular control. Extensive burning is normal (Brynie 18). In a brow-lift eyebrows can be moved too high and nerve damage may lead to facial numbness (Hu 8 &40). For cheek or chin implants there is a slight chance of infection and the implant may be crooked (8 & 40). A hematoma, swelling due to built up blood under skin, may occur after a nose job. Also, there may be internal scarring (8 & 40). Breast implants can cause infection, hemorrhage, and adverse reactions to anesthesia ("The dangers of…" ). The most common problem in breast implants is capsular contracture. Capsular contracture is the contraction of the fibrous capsule that forms around all devices implanted in the body. This causes the breast to become firm or hard. It is estimated that capsular contracture occurs 5 percent of the time. To treat this problem the implant can be removed, or manual compression of the breast can be done to break the capsule and soften the breast implant ("The dangers of…" ). The fear of the breast implant rupturing is also a big problem. Bleeding and seepage of the silicone gel through the containing envelope is a universal characteristic of gel filled implants. Systemic illness has been associated with reactions to breast implants, and breast cancer detection is reportedly impaired by implants (4). Temporary numbness, bruising, itching, small scars, and uneven skin tone are after effects of liposuction (Hu 40). In breast reductions the most serious risks are loss of sensitivity or pigment around the nipples and poor scar healing (40).Cosmetic surgery attempts to improve the appearance of aging tissue or unattractive parts of the body. There are many different types of cosmetic procedures. Many people undergo cosmetic surgery to raise their self-confidence, or to improve an unattractive body part; however, for every procedure there is a risk involved. The cosmetic surgery industry is growing at a rapid pace because surgery is affordable and attainable. Some may still ask themselves why is cosmetic surgery so popular. It is because the quest for perfection will never come to an end.

Please note that this sample paper on cosmetic surgery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on cosmetic surgery, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on cosmetic surgery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Explain and provide examples to illustrate the following accounting concepts.a)Accrualb)Prudencec)Going concernd)Historical Cost

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Financial statements, profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, cash flow statements etc, are produced on an annual basis to report to parties outside of organisation on its financial performance, financial position, and its cash flow over the period. Although the double entry system is a mechanical operation, accounting is sometimes subjective. Preparing financial statements is not absolutely automatic. Their content and layout are influenced by company law, accounting standards and accounting concepts. Accounting concepts are the fundamental principles and rules which the qualified accountants are supposed to follow when preparing financial statements. They can be used to build up an accounting framework. Some authors refer to them under a variety of other names, such as basic rules, assumptions, axioms, conventions, postulates, principles, or procedures.

There is no definitive list of fundamental accounting concepts. Different writers give different sets of concepts. FRS 18 (Financial Reporting Standard) Accounting Policies identifies two prominent concepts going concern and accruals (issued in December 000). The Companies Act 185 describes five concepts as fundamental going concern, accruals, prudence, consistency and the separate valuation principle. SSAP (Statements of Standard Accounting Practice) lists four fundamental accounting concepts as follows going concern, accruals, consistency and prudence (issued in November 171). And there are five underlying accounting concepts as follows the historical cost concept, the money measurement concept, the business entity concept, the dual aspect concept and the time interval concept.

Next step we will single out the following four concepts for further discussion

a) The accruals concept

b) The prudence concept

c) The going concern concept

d) The historical cost

a) The accruals concept

The accruals concept is also called matching concept. "The accruals concept dictates when transactions with third parties should be recognised and, in particular, determines the accounting periods in which they should be incorporated into the financial statements."(4) That means when accountants prepare the profit and loss account, the revenues and costs should be considered accrued even though the money is not received or paid. The timing normally coincides with the delivery of goods or the performance of services, not the payment or receipt of cash.

The accruals concept can be illustrated in the example as following ABC plc bought a motor vehicle on credit for £16,000 on 8 April and received it on 15 April. ABC plc bought three computers for cash £,500 on 1 April, and they would deliver in three weeks time. ABC plc sold goods on credit for £1,50 on 7 April.

In the end of April, when the accountants prepared the financial statements, £16,000 should be recorded as a purchase. ABC plc had not paid the money yet, however, they have got the motor vehicle already. That means the transaction had occurred, therefore, under the accruals concept, it should be recorded. ABC had already paid for the computers; however, they had not got them in the end of this accounting period. Hence, this transaction should be deal with advanced payment under the creditor within twelve months. Although ABC plc had not received the money from customer; however, the goods had already transfer to the customer. Therefore accountants should record this sale £1,50 into revenue.

Accruals concept is the key rule for accounting for profit.

b) The prudence concept

"The prudence concept (sometimes called ‘conservatism') means that accounts include revenues (and profits) only when they are ‘realised'." (5) It introduces caution into the recognition of assets and revenues for financial reporting purposes. Accountants very often have to use their judgment to decide which figure they should take into the financial statements. The easy way to remember is that the income should not be recorded until it is realised, but unrealised losses should be recognised immediately. Suppose the sales people recognised the order as sales. However, under the prudence concept, the accountant considers only that the goods have already transferred to the customer and the buyer accepts liability to pay for them is sales. That means profit can only be taken into account when realisation has occurred.

The accountant is prudent in ascertaining profit.

c) The going concern concept

"The going concern concept assumes that the business enterprise will continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. This assumption introduces a constraint on the prudence concept by allowing the account balance to be reported on a depreciated cost basis rather than on a net realizable value basis."(6) That means that the accountant values assets at cost less depreciation or net book value, on the assumption that they are worth at least this much.

Depreciation is a good example for the using of the going concern concept. Fixed assets such as machinery, motor vans, fixtures and even building do not last for ever. Therefore, a depreciation charge will be deducted from the cost of buying them. Suppose, a company bought a machine for £100,000 and the company will continue the operations, hence, this machine as asset will live out its full twenty years in use. We can calculate that the depreciation is £5,000 each year (£100,000 / 0). Therefore, the value of this machine in the balance sheet should be the cost of this machine minus the depreciation. The value will be £5,000 in the end of the first year and £0,000 in the end of the second year. After twenty years, the value will be 0.

The going concern concept is very important for valuing the fixed assets, because when the business close down, valuing these assets is very different. However, if the business is going to close down in the near future, the going concern concept should not be made.

d) The historical concept

The historical cost means assets are recorded at the original cost price to value in the balance sheet, rather than current value. Under this concept, transactions are reported at the £ amount recorded at the date the transactions occurred. Under the historical cost concept, therefore, no account is taken of changing prices in the economy. The greatest advantage of this concept is under it, the value of assets or the expenses are stated objectively.

Normally, when accountants prepare the financial reports, inflation will be ignored and the stability of currency will be assumed. They prefer to adopt the original cost of the asset.

For instance, a company bought a motor vehicle for £16,000. After two years, on the secondhand market, it is only worth £10,000. If the company buys a same new motor vehicle, it costs £1,000 because of the inflation. However, the accountant use the original cost £16,000 which occurred when the company bought the motor van. Neither £10,000 nor £1,000 will be adopted.

In conclusion, in preparing and presenting information, accountants have considerable freedom over which rules to adopt and how they should be interpreted. If accountants are subjective, it means that they use their own method, even though no one else may agree to it. The financial statements which accountants prepare must be disordered and immeasurable. In drawing up accounting statements, whether they are external financial accounts or internally-focused management accounts, a clear objective has to be that the accounts fairly reflect the true substance of the business and the results of its operation. Accountants must avoid being subjective. The desire to provide the same set of accounts for many different parties, and thus to provide a measure that gains their consensus of option, means that objectivity is sought in financial accounting. The theory of accounting has, therefore, developed the concept of a true and fair view. The true and fair view is applied in ensuring and assessing whether accounts do indeed portray accurately the businesss activities. That set of concepts must be objective that means all can agree to, instead of everyone using their own different method. Accounting concepts which support the application of the true and fair view are very important for helping to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and consistently.

Question

(4) Page

Financial Accounting and Reporting (5th Edition)

Page 4

By Barry Elliott & Jamie Elliott, 001

Prentice Hall

(5) Page 10

Accounting and Financial Decisions (New Edition)

Page 7

By D. R. Myddelton, 11

Longman Singapore Publishers Pte Ltd.

(6) Page 10 - 11

Financial Accounting and Reporting (5th Edition)

Page 1

By Barry Elliott & Jamie Elliott, 001

Prentice Hall

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001, Prentice Hall

5. Accounting and Financial Decisions (New Edition)

D. R. Myddelton

11, Longman Singapore Publishers Pte Ltd.

6. Business Accounting 1 (8th Edition)

Frank Wood & Alan Sangster

1, Financial Times Professional Limited

7. Accounting for Non-accountants (5th Edition)

Gramham Mott

1, Kogan Page Limited

8. Financial Management for Non-specialists (Second Edition)

Peter Atrill,

000, Financial Time Prentice Hall

. Financial Accounting And Reporting (Fourth Edition)

Barry Elliott & Jamie Elliott,

000, Financial Time Prentice Hall

10. Essentials of Managerial Finance (Eleventh Edition)

J. Fred Weston & Scott Besley & Eugene F. Brigham,

16, Dryden Press

11. Financial Management Theory and Practice (Eighth Edition)

Eugene F. Brigham & Louis C. Gapenski,

17, Dryden Press

1. Analysis for Financial Management (Fifth Edition)

Robert C. Higgins,

18, McGraw-Hill

1. Accounting Principles (Seventh Edition)

Robert N. Anthony & James S. Reece,

15, McGraw-Hill

14. Management &Cost Accounting (Fifth Edition)

Colin Drury

000, Thomson

Please note that this sample paper on Explain and provide examples to illustrate the following accounting concepts.a)Accrualb)Prudencec)Going concernd)Historical Cost is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Explain and provide examples to illustrate the following accounting concepts.a)Accrualb)Prudencec)Going concernd)Historical Cost, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Explain and provide examples to illustrate the following accounting concepts.a)Accrualb)Prudencec)Going concernd)Historical Cost will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Source of Our Reality

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Source of Our Reality. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Source of Our Reality paper right on time.

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The Source Of Our RealityGiven that as human beings our conception of reality is everything that we experience and perceive, whether it is mentally or physically absorbed, and in some sense, the knowledge of that reality that we claim to have is derived from those very same experiences and perceptions. However the question at hand is that, although we may possibly agree on what constitutes reality; what is real and what is not real, we may not agree or even know what the source of that knowledge is and whether that building block is the correct standard to judge by. In other words, is the source of that knowledge derived from, perception through senses (sense perception), or is it founded on something understood by our minds alone, which consist of ideas independent of sense experience? Many philosophers have attempted to answer this question and that although on the surface may seem to be a very straightforward question, underneath it is the exact opposite. Some philosophers have argued that the mind alone is the basis of understanding our knowledge of reality, and in contrast, other philosophers have argued that sense perception alone is the source of our concept of reality. In my opinion, I believe that through sense perception, collectively in accordance with the mind regardless of initiation of either one, origins of our knowledge of reality can be found, and in addition believe that both are complimentary and that one with out the other is in some sense a broken machine. As mentioned before many philosophers have argued that the mind is the source of our conception of reality. Meaning that what is real is understood by the mind alone and that sense perception comes secondary. One of the philosophers that argue for this sort of ideology is Rene Descartes. Descartes goes about proving this by giving many ideas, one idea of which is known as the "wax" example. The wax example put forth by Descartes is the basic theory that illustrates that the mind is the basis of understanding our conception of knowledge. We all understand and perceive that a piece of wax has certain properties. Meaning that the wax has a certain smell, a certain shape, a certain temperature and so on, all of which can be known through sense perception. However, if the wax is then heated, it attains different properties from the previous, it has a different smell, different shape and so on. Descartes then presents us with the question. If the properties of the wax can change over time or through physical causation, how then can we conclude that wax itself has certain and absolute properties? How can we have knowledge of a particular thing if it is possible that the identity of that thing can change over time? In other words, Descartes argues that sense perception is the wrong foundation for a system of knowledge for it possible that sense perception can often be misleading, deceptive and can't be trusted. Descartes concludes that knowledge must be founded on what can be understood by the mind alone. As a result he ads that we must understand that the wax is a flexible, changeable, extended piece of matter through reason or intuition, not by sense perception which cannot comprehend such information. In my opinion, I both disagree and agree with this sort of reasoning given by Descartes. Fist of, I do agree that in the end we understand that the wax is a flexible, changeable, extended piece of matter through reason or intuition and that concept of flexibility, change and extension can only be understood by the mind alone. However, I believe that you certainly can't understand such concepts unless sense perception is carried out. I must at some point experience the melting wax through vision, touch, smell etc…. In order to understand that the wax can change and that it is an extended piece of matter, for if I disregarded my sense perceptions, I would either question everything I perceive, which is impossible, or I would just have an idea or an image of a melting wax, something that doesn't necessarily corresponds to something real.

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In contrast to what Descartes believes, there is another well-known philosopher, John Locke, who argues for the exact opposite. Locke states that the only assurance of reality that we have is through sense perception. He argues that unless an idea is traceable to some previous sense perception or experience, than there is no way of assuring that that idea relates to something that is real, for it is possible that that same idea could have originated from the imagination. Locke further emphasizes that certainty is impossible, for the only assurance of reality that we are capable of is through causation or sense experience. Therefore he concludes that if we do not take sense perception as a type of assurance and the basis of our knowledge of what is real and what is not real, then we will, as said before, question all that we feel, hear, smell, see and taste. Certainly any sane person cannot doubt all of his/her sense perceptions and experiences. We must accept that sense perception is the basis of our conception of knowledge and reality independent of the mind. Locke further argues this type of ideology by giving one of his examples known as the "Variable Perception" argument. The "variable perception" argument put forth by Locke is the argument that states that what we are directly aware of in our perception of things is based upon qualities. Meaning that a certain thing or object that we perceive has a certain color, texture, shape and so on, this can be summarized as primary qualities. For example, the paper on the desk is white, flat, and smooth, we do not think for a minute that these qualities that we perceive is in the paper. If the qualities I am aware of were encompassed in the object (paper), then changes in color shape etc…of that same object (paper) should be self-caused, which according to this argument is doubtful. Therefore, we may conclude that any change in qualities that occur within the object is due to physical-causation; I color the paper gray. However, what if the lights were to be turned down. The color of the paper would certainly change to a different color; gray not white, however it can be seen that physical-causation is not a factor. Therefore the "variable perception" argument suggests that in such a case, what we are aware of in perceiving secondary qualities are in some sense our own sensations (sense-qualities), not qualities in the object. I once again, both agree and disagree with this sort of reasoning implemented by Locke. In my opinion, I do agree with the fact that suggests, unless an idea is traceable to some previous sense perception or experience, than there is no way of assuring that that idea relates to something that is real, for it is possible that that same idea could have originated from the imagination. However, if sense perception does not work in accordance with the mind, then sense perception is a sort of dead end, and just as well vice versa. In other words, only the mind can make sense of what we perceive not our senses, as Descartes would argue. But once again we need sense perception to reconfirm our ideas of the mind. In relation to the "variable perception" argument, the changing color of the paper, perception of secondary qualities, and the realization that this does not lay within the object can only be understood by the mind, but in addition we must once again allow sense perception to take place in order for reconfirmation, for without consideration of our sense perception, it would just be an idea, nothing more then a dead end. In addition to what Descartes has proposed to us, he presents us with an alternative explanation to the subject of the origin of our knowledge of reality. However, this line of reasoning may steer a little far from the primary subject, but if any possible truth, hypothetically speaking, were given for a proposal such as this, then it would greatly impact the answer to this question. This theory proposed by Descartes is known as "Cartesian skepticism" argument. This argument is the basic theory that states that no one person ever, anywhere can really know of the existence of anything beyond the content of their own present conscious thought. Objects of ones present perception of an external physical reality are uncertain. Memory and any belief about the past are somewhat sketchy and just as well uncertain. The only knowledge is first person, present tense, subjective knowledge and possibly priori truths such as principles of math and geometry. With this sort of ideology comes Descartes "Evil Demon" argument. Descartes suggests that we have no way of ruling out the possibility that the existence of external, physical objects even our own bodies are just an illusion and that everything within our realm of a physical world may come into question. It may very well be that fantasized images were planted in our minds by some very powerful malicious figure, such as an "evil demon" in order to fool us. Therefore, I cannot really trust anything that I think I know by perception. For it is logical that we, even though may claim to be sure of present conscious thought or claim to know ourselves as a thinking thing, we could all be being living in a sort of mind prison, a sort of matrix. As a direct result of this it would be impossible to answer anything about our reality, our knowledge of that reality, much less the question of its origin. Despite this proposal given by Descartes, it is certainly possible that we as human beings, as thinking things could be under the control of such a being. However, I seriously doubt such a possibility can arise, for one might as; why would a being possessing bad intentions, or even good intentions want such reflective notions circulating in ones mind, what purpose would it serve? It certainly cannot, in my opinion be a positive factor in ones plans.

As one can see this is a very difficult argument to contend with, and many philosophers, such as Descartes and Locke have put forth very convincing arguments. But in my opinion, I neither completely disagree nor agree with there ideologies. I believe that the mind as well as sense perception is in some sense a machine, one part missing will affect the entire structure. If the source of our conception of knowledge of reality is our minds, then initially all I have is an idea, something that doesn't necessarily exist in reality. On the other hand, if I believe that sense perception is the basis of our conception of knowledge of reality, then I would certainly have a problem, for in some cases, not all, our senses may be mistaken or mislead. But with the mind there, it allows us to make sense of such situations and allows us to come up with a plausible explanation through reason or intuition. Furthermore, in my opinion I think one has to come before the other, depending on the situation, but in the end the mind needs sense perception and sense perception needs the mind in order to reconfirm one another. Therefore, origins of our reality come from both mind as well as the senses, collectively and in cooperation.

Please note that this sample paper on The Source of Our Reality is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Source of Our Reality, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Source of Our Reality will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Madness in Hamlet

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Madness in Hamlet, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Madness in Hamlet paper at affordable prices! Shakespeare's tragic hero, Hamlet, and his sanity can arguably be discussed. Many portions of the play support his loss of control in his actions, while other parts uphold his ability of dramatic art. Madness in Hamlet has been a popular topic of discussion by both critics and readers for some time. It is quite simple to see why. The play gives us evidence to prove the power of the claim of Hamlet's true madness, or, rather, a view that the actions and words coming from the apparent madness, is an insincere antic disposition as proclaimed by Hamlet himself. This uncertainty in my view is the question that has bothered many readers of the play, since a dramatic device like this has its purpose. However that purpose is not made clear due to conflicting evidence found within the play. Some have even attributed this uncertainty as carelessness on Shakespeare's part. My view however is that the unresolved tension these questions bring up, have a part in playing out the plot and also in showing the uncertainties of human nature. Madness is not an absolute concept it's occurrence varies with the situation, or for Hamlet, it varies in the degree he allows his emotions to carry him. One sign of madness is Hamlet's mood swings. He has mood swings that change very abruptly throughout the entire play. He appears to be mad at the time he receives news of his father's death. He speaks these wild words "Why, right, you are right in the right. I hold it fit that we shake hands and part..." (Act I, scene 5, lines 1-1). In the play there seems to be two sides to Hamlet, one sensitive and the other insane. Hamlet can be a trustworthy friend where he is rational. However when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive he changes he behavior as to make them believe he is mad. Hamlet tries to say that the King and Queen's marriage is what is bothering him. Whereas, with Polonius and Ophelia it is the case of frustration of love that is making him crazy. He has an outburst of rage towards Polonius and with no remorse he says "Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell! I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune. Thou find'st to be too busy is some danger" (Act III, scene IV, lines -4). Hamlet also has outbursts with his mother. These seem to be more directed towards jealousy. He is the only person to see his father's ghost in his mother's bedchambers and every other time a ghost has appeared someone else has seen it. In this scene he shows his madness and directs it towards his mother because she does not see the ghost. "On him, on him! Look you how pale he glares! His form and cause conjoined, preaching to stones, would make them capable" (Act III, scene IV, lines 1-11).Hamlet's behavior throughout the play is inconsistent especially towards Ophelia. He jumps into her grace and there fights with Laertes. He professes his love for Ophelia in act five. "I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up me sum. What wilt thou do for her" (Act V, scene I, lines 4-45). Although Hamlet may profess his love for Ophelia in her grave, when she returned his letters earlier in the play he says he never loved her. Madness can also be seen on another level. Hamlet tries to win over Claudius, which is his enemy so that he can get more time to confirm the ghost's allegations. His trusts for the ghost wavers throughout the play because it is hard to hold onto solid evidence because of the potential evil and abuse that could encounter should he be tricked. The ghost commands murder and this goes against is personality so his first words to the ghost are "Be thou a spirit of goblin dam'nd, Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, Be thy intents wicked or charitable" (Act 1, scene 4, lines 40-4). This shows his first time of confusion because he does not know how to react to seeing his father's spirit. And he even swears to heaven in scene V line 10-105 "and thy commandment alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain, unmixed with baser matter. Yes, by heaven". The potential for evil and the appearance of the ghost leads Hamlet to believe that the ghost is evil. "The spirit that I have seen may be the devil, and the devil hath power T"assume a pleasing shape; yea, and perhaps, out of my weakness and my melancholy, as he is very potent with such spirits, abuses me to damn me" (Act II, scene II, line 55-558). Hamlet cannot be blames for he lack of trust. In his eyes he has already lost the two women in his life, his mother and Ophelia. Fair weather friends Rosencrantz and Guildensten arrive at royal request to give the reason for Hamlets madness. This causes him to be even more doubtful of any trust in friendship. It is only under the cover of madness that he will be able to recognize the situation around himself better. This cover as acts as a distraction of his purpose to expose Claudius.

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The final difficulty of reading madness [...] is that in the act of doing so, one dissociates oneself from it or associates oneself with it, and in either case becomes disqualified as an interpreter. To read madness sanely is to miss the point; to read madness madly is to have ones point be missed (Neely 16).We learn that there is a reason to fear each other friendships when Claudius speaks these words "…what he spake, though it lacked form a little was not like madness. There is something in his soul o' er which his melancholy sits on brood" (Act III, scene I, lines 15-161). We have the right to fear each other knowing Hamlet's potential revenge and Claudius precautions of this happening. Claudius tries to console Hamlet after his father's death with great skill and tact and are lost on Hamlet. Claudius is not willing to believe the simple reason that Hamlet's madness comes from the non-reciprocation of his affections to Ophelia. Hamlets mother, Gertrude, is another character in the play that seems to go mad. She does not try to confront or discern her son directly after Claudius attempts to console Hamlet on his father's death. Here Gertrude expresses her concern and is ready and willing to allow the scheming plots of Polonious and Claudius to uncover him. The way she stays away from Ophelia when she goes mad, hints that maybe there is some kind of subconscious fear she may have in her experiences of the disintegration of people around her whom she loves. This agrees with her general attitude of liking happiness and not tempting any ill force to destroy it. Like one critic has said, Gertrude's character is like a sheep in the sun", enjoying a blissful and untainted life. Gertrude's belief in Polonius's reason for Hamlet's madness is seen when she tells Ophelia "…I do wish that your good beauties be the happy cause Of Hamlet's wildness so shall I hope your virtues will bring him to his wonted way again, to both your honors" (Act III, scene I, lines 8-40). Hamlet may not be completely insane as there are times when he shows sanity. Hamlet only appears mad around certain characters. Hamlet behaves unreasonably around Polonius, Ophelia, Gertrude, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. On the other hand while being around Horatio, Bernado, Francisco, The Players and Gravediggers he is very sensible. There are characters in the play that confess there may be some sanity in Hamlets insanity. Claudius confesses that yes Hamlet's actions are strange but do not seem to come from madness. "And I doubt the hatch and the disclose will be some danger; which for to prevent I have in quick determination" (Act III, scene I, lines 161-16). Polonius can't seem to make up his mind as he admits that Hamlet's actions have a method and reason behind them and seem to be logical in nature. "Though this be madness, yet there in a method in ‘t" (Act II, scene II, line 01). At another point during the play Polonius is certain that when Ophelia returned Hamlets letters and denied access to her that Hamlet would be driven mad. He informs the King and Queen "Your noble son is mad. Mad I call it; for, to define true madness what is't but to be nothing else but mad" (Act II, scene II, lines 1-)? Each character has their own insight to the madness and I believe that each found the cause for madness in their own way. Ophelia is often seen as cowardly and is unwilling to show or act according to the way she feels. Other then the fact of setting aside the threats of her father one wonders why she does not participate in helping Hamlet to his sanity. Her knowledge of the situation is shallow and not surrounding her audience. She has no knowledge of the Ghost's appearance to Hamlet, or of Claudius's murder. All she knows, according to her father, is that Hamlet is mad because of her rejection. This realization placed a heavy burden on her. And it is thus in order that she can provide Hamlet some help to overcome his madness does she eagerly participate with her father by telling him of Hamlet's appearance to her in her chamber, showing him Hamlet's letters, and by allowing their conversation to be heard. Robert Tracy notes, the `grave is a common term for bed in Elizabethan literature, just as death commonly denotes sexual climax. (85) These things she does out of her love and concern and because she has no one else to turn to for help. Ophelias unique development has given her an especially permeable mind. Motherless and completely restricted by the men around her, Ophelia has been shaped to conform to external demands, to reflect others desires. Her name deriving from the Greek word for help or greatest possible succor, (Representing Ophelia) she appears condemned to martyrdom on the altar of male fantasies and priorities. Ophelia's life revolves around only three people, these being her father, brother, and Hamlet. In all her sweet innocence, she loves them dearly. As shown before, she strives to help Hamlet, is faithful to father's wishes and shares secrets with her brother. However, Hamlet's descent, coupled with the wrath of his anger made to kill her father, upsets her to her breaking point. As poor Ophelia cannot see why her world changes suddenly with the stabbing of her father by her lover. It is too shocking, unlike Hamlet's gradual process into descent, whose critical point was slower. That is why she plunges into a much deeper madness than Hamlet. Her brother, being far away in France is unable to do anything. Her loneliness thus compounds her sorrow further, leaving her no one to turn to.Hamlet is a tragic hero and he meets his tragic end not because he was sane or insane. He ends tragically because of his own tragic flaw, procrastination and grief. Whether he was sane or just lost control of his actions both theories support it's own. The support makes each theory a sensible decision either way. Hamlet was seen as a grief stricken prince until rage and passion developed through stages by sanity and madness. If Hamlet was mad it was unlike that of Ophelia's. Hers was more conventional madness of the mind, Hamlet was mad of the heart. His madness only came out of the rage and emotion bottled inside him.

Works CitedNeely, Carol Thomas. `Documents in Madness Reading Madness and Gender in Shakespeares Tragedies and Early Modern Culture, Shakespeare Quarterly 4. (11) 15-8, at 16.Representing Ophelia Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism, Shakespeare and the Question of Theory, ed. Patricia Parker and Geoffrey Hartman (New York Methuen, 185), 77-4, n1.Tracy, Robert. The Owl and the Bakers Daughter A Note on Hamlet 4.5.4-4, Shakespeare Quarterly 17.1 (166) 8-86.Please note that this sample paper on Madness in Hamlet is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Madness in Hamlet, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Madness in Hamlet will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Costing System

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1. Costing System

1.1 Illustrate the costing system currently used by Devon Quality in Cost Centre

The costing system currently used by Devon Quality Dairy in the Cost Centre is a traditional costing system this is because in this case study Devon Quality Dairy are allocating there expenses to products using volume based drivers. In this case study, the resources consumed by Devon's Cost Centre are depreciation, labour, utilities and other, which are all of the costs that have been incurred in production that cannot be traced directly to the products.

The traditional costing system uses a single plantwide overhead rate based on output volume to allocate factory overhead costs to the products. The factory overhead rate is total factory overhead divided by the cost driver. In this case the cost driver is pounds of butterfat. The pounds of butterfat sold are chosen as the cost driver for Devon's because the pounds of butterfat are attributed to Devon's purchase costs, which were indicated in the information in the article.

1. Comment on the appropriateness of "pounds of butterfat" as an allocation base for the overhead costs in Cost Centre . Would you suggest a different allocation base?

Pounds of Butterfat as an allocation base for the overhead costs in Cost Centre aren't very appropriate. This is because the costs in Cost Centre don't actually reflect the specific activities that are performed or costs in this cost centre. In Cost Centre , the overhead costs are depreciation, labour and utilities. These overhead costs have absolutely no correlation with the amount of pounds of butterfat used per product. Depreciation expense is incurred from the devaluation of the factories machinery, labour is used to operate and maintain this machinery, and utilities are all of the utility costs that are incurred by the factory within their daily operations.

It is because of this that we believe that Devon should use a different allocation base, and that base should be annual batches produced. We believe that annual batches produced will be a far better allocation base because from these batches you are able effectively determine the actual volume of ice creams mix that is produced by Devon Quality Dairy.

Knowing the annual batches that are produced are a far better method of cost allocation because this cost driver actual does reflect the indirect costs that are incurred by Devon. Depreciation, labour and utilities are directly correlated to the amount of batches that are produced, because the more batches that are produced the more the cost are going to increase.

Therefore, we deem that Devon Quality Dairy would be far advantaged if they were to change there cost driver from the pounds of butterfat, to batches produced annually.

1. Reconstruct the cost allocation formula for the overhead rates shown in Table .

Factory Overhead Rate = Total Factory Overhead

Annual Batches Produced

= 61860

000

= $180.1 per batch

Delivery Overhead Rate = Total Delivery Cost

Annual Batches Produced

= 108400

000

= $54.0 per batch

Selling and Administration

Overhead Costs = Total Selling and Admin Costs

Annual Batches Produced

= 600

000

= $146.80 per batch

. McDonald's Order

.1 What are the relevant costs to this order?

Relevant cost are defined as costs that change under two or more decision alternatives, thus the relevant costs associated with the McDonalds order are

The required purchase of additional refrigerated delivery trucks

Extra gas and maintenance cost for the trucks equalling $000 per truck per summer months.

Five additional summer drivers, costing $500 per month per driver through out the summer months

Therefore the relevant costs are

Direct Costs (1,000,000$1.607) = $ 1,607,000

Indirect Costs (1,000,000(0.17+0.11+0.014)) = $ 78,000

Additional Truck Costs (150,000) = $ 450,000

Extra Gas and Maintenance Costs (,000) = $ 18,000

Additional Summer Drivers (,5005) = $ 5,500

Total Relevant Costs for McDonalds Order = $ ,405,500

. Should the order be accepted?

To determine if we will accept this McDonalds order, we need to find out what the unit contribution margin is for this special offer.

Unit Contribution Margin = Unit Sales Price - Unit Variable Cost

McDonalds Order

Unit Sales Price 1.4

less Unit Variable Costs

Direct Costs 1.607

Indirect Costs 0.78 1.885

Unit Contribution Margin 0.055

From these calculations we found that the McDonald's Order will produce a positive contribution margin of $0.055 per unit. Meaning that for this order Devon would receive a contribution margin of $55,000 (0.0551,000,000). Therefore, we believe that Devon Quality Dairy should accept the McDonald's Order.

. Will your decision change if all orders have to yield the desired target of 15% mark-up?

McDonalds Order with 15% Mark-up

Unit Sales Price 1.4

less Unit Variable Costs

Direct Costs 1.607

Indirect Costs 0.78

15% Mark-up 0.8 .168

Unit Contribution Margin -0.8

From these calculations we found that the McDonald's order with the 15% mark-up will produce a negative contribution margin of -$0.8 per unit. Meaning that from this order Devon would receive a contribution margin of -$8,000

(-0.81,000,000). Therefore, our decision would change if all orders had to yield the desired target of 15%. When the 15% mark-up is desired we would advise Devon not to accept the order.

4.4 Identify any qualitative issues that should be considered prior to accepting this order.

The first issue that Devon Quality Dairy has to consider is weather the extra mast order of 1,000,000 gallons would cause a strain on the quality of the product? Even though the new equipment enables the company to double its packaging capacity but the production process still remains the same and with the sudden new product requirement would this set the quality of the products back.

They will have to determine if the other departments such as the quality control can cope with the increase number of productions.

They will need to evaluate if they would need to increase their services from the administrative department, as they will have to take up new ordering processes for this new contract. This could also result in unseen future costs that might be involved, with a new ordering system.

An important issue that Devon should consider is how their existing managers will react to the special price they are offering to McDonalds? Currently they are charging their existing customers $.11 per gallon but if they accept the McDonalds order they will be charging them only$1.4 per gallon.

A problem could also arise from their current and potential customers who might also demand the same price that McDonalds will receive. Which could in the long run lose these customers or mean that Devon would have to find improved ways to lower their costs, to be able to sell at this lower price.

They would have to determine how long the McDonald's Ordering contract would last for, and if the price could be evaluated after each financial year. This would become apparent because costs can change from year to year, and if Devon isn't able to change their prices to correlate with the added costs, they could be losing significant amounts of money through the McDonalds deal in the future.

. Activity Based Costing

.1 Briefly comment if activity based costing would benefit Devon Quality Dairy?

Activity based costing (ABC) would benefit Devon significantly, because ABC is a cost allocation system that assigns costs to products, services, or customers based upon the consumption of resources caused by activities. While there current costing system is a volume-based costing system, that is only useful when direct labour and materials are the only predetermined factors of production.

In the case of Devon where they have many predetermined factors ABC analysis is far more accurate. With ABC resources are assigned to activities, from which these activities are assigned to cost objects based upon the activities used by the company.

It is because of this we that an activity based costing system would be extremely beneficial for Devon's analysis of their costs.

. Devon Quality Dairy have asked you to undertake an initial ABC analysis using the following activity breakdown.

Activity Total Costs Cost Driver Cost Driver Cost Rate

Amount

Pasteurisation and Separation 1,111,550 Raw Milk Gallons 60,000,000 $ 0.0185

Bottling Labour 500,000 Gallons of Mix 11,600,000 $ 0.041

Other Mix Department Costs ,007,070 Number of Batches 000 $1,00.550

Delivery Stop Costs 840,000 Number of Stops 84000 $ 10.0000

Other Delivery Costs 1,068,000 Gallons of Mix 11,600,000 $ 0.01

Selling and Administration ,600 Number of Orders 84,000 $ .45

. Prepare a new cost estimate for the McDonald's order using the activity cost rates.

McDonalds Order using Activity Based Costing

Sales Revenue 1,40,000

less Variable Costs

Direct Cost 1,607,000

Indirect Costs

Factory Overhead

- Pasteurisation and Separation 55,500

- Bottling Labour 4,100

- Other Mix Department 0 8,600

Delivery Costs

- Delivery Stop Costs 46,800

- Other Delivery Costs ,100 18,00

Selling and Administration

- Selling and Admin Costs 16,57 16,57 5,857 1,860,857

Contribution Margin from McDonalds Order using ABC $ 7,14

Calculation

Using batch size as an allocation base.

a One batch can produce 10,000 gallons of mix. So ,000 batches can produce 0,000,000 gallons of mix.

b Devon currently produces 0,000,000 gallons of mix, but only sells 11,600,000 gallons of mix, meaning they will not incur any additional batch costs for the McDonalds Order.

c With the McDonalds Order Devon will need to deliver to 0 restaurants, three times per week.

Sales Revenue = $1.41,000,000

Direct Costs = $1.6071,000,000

Pasteurisation and Separation = $0.0185(60,000,000/0,000,000)1,000,000 a

Bottling Labour Costs = $0.0411,000,000

Other Mix Department Costs = $10,00.550 b

Delivery Costs = $1005c

Other Delivery Costs = $0.011,000,000

Selling and Administration = $.4505 c

.4 Would you accept the McDonald's order?

After using the activity based costing to calculate the overhead costs in relation to the operations involved with McDonald's order, we believe that Devon should accept the special order. With the application of ABC, we found that Devon actually incurs less costs than it did before, when it was operating under the traditional costing system. With ABC being a more in-depth system of costing you could be reasonably sure of the costs and would definitely accept the McDonalds Order.

Please note that this sample paper on Costing System is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Costing System, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Costing System will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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My honey

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MY BIBLE OF LIFEMY BIBLE OF LIFEI am William Bryant Manalo Gyenes; my parents are William Bryant Velarde Gyenes and Marissa Basister Manalo. I was born on February 7, 185 at Manila Doctors Hospital in Manila, I was the only in child. Frankly, my parents are separated since I was a kid. For whatever reason, I don't know. My Grandparents at #54 Opalo St. Vito Cruz Metro Manila raised me. For my mom had left abroad to work. Together with my Grandparents are my uncles and aunts who took good care of me that time. They were the one who raised me up because my mother was not around to be with me, as I said, she left to work. I know this kind of situations aren't new anymore, this is now usual or common for us. So, as a kid that time, I could say that I was the luckiest in world, being spoiled by my Lolo was very fortunate of me. Having everything I want in terms of toys, foods, trips, and almost everything a kid would want. As any normal kid, I do play on the streets with my friends, go to places like amusement parks, theme parks, arcade halls, playing with my toys alone sometimes, and even talk to myself sometimes, that was according to my aunts and uncles. As a kid, I also do know how to cry and feel sad, but because of my Lolo's kindness, he would do anything just to cheer me up, offer anything just to let me smile. That's how good my Lolo was. He was also generous in terms of money, even if I was just a kid, money was not a big deal that time, and he gives me a big amount of money for me to buy anything I want to. At the same time my mother who was working is also sending me money and all the toys I want. That's my life when I was still a kid. No worries, no problems at all, just enjoying every single of my life. Then when I was 5 years old, my Grandmother and me decided to go at my aunt's place in Las Pinas City. We went there to stay at their place and I don't even also know why, as a kid you are not allowed to know everything that is happening around you, all about knowledge was limited that time. So I didn't have any idea why we left to stay at my aunt's place. I lived there with my cousins, my aunt's kids, a little older than me, but we did get along very well. I started missing my Lolo that time, but I didn't take it as a big deal because I knew that my Lolo is just around. Then I decided to go to school, and my auntie enrolled me at Bloomfield Academy somewhere in BF Resort Village Las Pinas City. At first, being a spoiled brat, my reflection in school is not good, all the things I want should and must be done that time, but sooner I came to adjust with it. I had a lot of good experiences in school. I had merit cards, awards for academic excellence, and some special awards for school activities. I met a lot of new friends there and get along with them very well. My Grandmother was the one who is guiding me in my studies that time for I don't know where was my Grandfather, but sometimes we see each other and talk to each other just to ask how was life as of those days. As I grew up, things weren't that simple anymore, I started to miss my mother and also started to ask things about her, yes, we do talk on the phone just for her to ask me if I'm just fine, if am I doing good in school and to ask what do I want her to buy for me. She keeps on reminding me of having good grades in school, for it is the only thing that could make her happy. So I did try my best in school to attain good grades, I know she was happy, but still it seems like there is missing, … my mom. I started to ask God why she was not with me, unlike my other friends, their parents are with them, I thought I was the luckiest kid in the world for having my Grandparents, my uncles and aunts, for having everything I want, but I ended up to the fact that I was wrong. I prayed to God for my mother to come home and be with me and spend our lives together till I grow up and I waited for God's response, but there was nothing. My mother still needs to work abroad for the reasons that I could really not understand (kiddies stuff). So I continued my childhood life, I still received high grades, merits in school, and special awards, my mother as she said, was happy again and the cycle of my life continues all over again. After years passed, I was in my third (rd) grade my Grandfather got sick and was confined in the hospital. The doctor said he has a lung cancer. I was so depressed and I felt so alone that time that I couldn't even know what might happen next. I started to think about things like how good my Grandfather was, and why such things had to happen. I really don't know what to do that time. I don't know if to whom should I lean on to, because I was not really that close with my other relatives. My Grandfather was the one I looked up to; I build dreams for the two of us, made plans for the both of us. But still I didn't lose hope. I prayed to God for Him to save my Lolo from illness, and thank Him for I know that this time He might grant my wish. I always visit my Lolo at the hospital to bring him some fruits, hoping that it could help to make him feel well. After months, my uncles and aunts brought him to Baguio. I asked them if I could also go so I could take good care of my Lolo, but they didn't allow me. They said that my Lolo was fine and I should focus on my studies and just to take good care of myself instead. But still I insisted to go with them and they couldn't stop me, so they brought me with them and I watched over my Lolo from morning till we sleep. But as the days passed, my Lolo started to deteriorate. My Lolo's illness became more complicated. We went into the hospital again and my aunties told the doctor what happened. The doctor said that my Lolo already have U.T.I. and severe infection in the liver, they tried to treat the disease as what doctors usually do. Few weeks after, I was in the school that time, my auntie called us up to went to the hospital. She said that my Lolo was already telling names of his children and grandchildren. We all rushed into the hospital to check if what was happening. When we arrived at the hospital, I couldn't believe what I saw, my Lolo was very weak and couldn't recognize us anymore, a few hours later, he died. I was confused and didn't know what to do, I didn't know what to react, what to feel or even what to say. That moment was the darkest day of my life. I couldn't accept the fact that my Lolo is gone, that I could never ever see him again, I felt so alone. I started to blame God for everything, I got mad and asked him why does He have to take my Grandfather, he was all good and responsible, but why He had taken him away from us. My aunts and uncles called my mom and told her that my grandfather was seriously ill and she has to get home as soon as possible. After two days my mother arrived from abroad without knowing anything about what happened. I saw her really shocked, and depressed. Even she couldn't believe what she saw. I started to miss my grandfather badly, and because of the pain and hatred that I felt, things turned out miserable. I was in grade 4 then when I started not to attend my classes, I didn't have interests on studies anymore, I became insensitive about my surroundings. I didn't care about what others says. All I know is my life is already becoming a complete a complete mess. No one could talk to me seriously, because I wont mind him or her either. I graduated from grade school maybe because of the help of my very considerate teachers. They all knew what happened and they give me passing grades just to be able to graduate from grade school. Graduating wasn't really a big deal for me that time. As I said, I do not care about anything. I continued my high school in Bloomfield Academy. But this time, I was with mom. My mother decided to stay here for good, seeing me so depressed and so confused made her decide to stay. At first, for me it was just fine. But things started to be different. I had a hard time adjusting with her. As I said before, I used to be spoiled by my Lolo, but when my mother came, a lot of things were changed. I want ‘this', I want ‘that', I want ‘those', … but I just couldn't have ‘this', ‘that' and even ‘those'. I hope you did get me. I became more unmanageable, just like before, I don't want to go to school to attend my classes. In high school, I met a lot of new friends wherein we jived so great. I cut classes, I failed my subjects, I cheated from my exams, and I've done the silliest things a teen could do. Almost everything. Teachers started to get cheesed off me. I was one of the shrewd students in school. My mom was often called into the office and others stuffs like that. In our house, at that time, was also not good. My mom used to scold me everyday and night for coming home late, for putting myself into troubles, for using the phone for hours and a lot more. We used to argue about a lot of things. There was also a time that I ran away from home for the reason that I really do not know until now. I stayed at my friends house for a week, after that I decided to go home and the moment I stepped into the house, it seems like nothing happened. I was really curious about why she didn't got mad at me, and then I found out that my uncles talked to her and explained to her my side. I then realized that I still have someone to lean on, … my uncles. But I didn't mind that too much. I continued with my life as a brat, doing nothing but to enjoy my life. (That is how I define fun that time) I get myself into a lot of troubles that time like having cases in school for my behaviors and other stuffs related to that. After I finished with my nd year, I transferred at Augustinian Abbey School also around in BF Resort Village at Las Pinas. I continued my life still the same, I met a set of new friends again, got along together and seek for new adventures. Till I ended up transferring at St. Francis of Assisi College in 4th yr. After months of staying there, I started to think about things in life. And I said to myself, ‘this is my last year in high school', I tried to reflect on the things that happened in my past, and asked myself, ‘what have I done with my life?' things were a complete mess. I had this recollection in school and the instructor said about things. He asked us to recall and collect all the good graces God gave us. And I start to recall, jot down the graces I received from Him, and when I tried to count it, … I realized that it was many, that a paper wouldn't fit for all of those. After that, I came to realize that ‘fun' doesn't have to be like having ‘good times', but having good relationships with people. It is already time for me to move on. I would piss that no one off. That was the real definition of ‘fun' and ‘happiness'. The whole year was a complete adjustment for me. I tried to be active in school again, tried to be good with my mom and other relatives. I am not going home late anymore, I am more responsible about the things I am doing now. I spend my Christmas last year with my Mom full of happiness in my heart. I feel so refreshed. The big event arrived, … my graduation day. My aunts, my uncles, my Lola and specially my mom was there, very happy for me. Even though my Lolo was not there to share his joy with me, I know that he is happy for me, that I moved on and that I am doing great. After graduation, my family and me decided to go on a vacation to spend more time together. And after a long week of that, I started to look for a new school for college, wherein I could continue what I have started before. Now I am here in San Juan De Letran having my college program of B.S. information technology. And wish that my dreams even without my Lolo would come true. And I will be successful in life.

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In Regards to Determinism A Problem and a Solution

There is a problem surrounding the issue of free will and determinism. The problem is if you reject hard determinism on the grounds that it is incompatible with free moral choice, then you are still stuck with explaining how responsible moral choices are made. Contemporary philosophers have advanced a number of theories that attempt to deal with this issue, and many of them in my opinion are insufficient to advocate the theory of free moral choice. In this essay I will advocate a particular theory, known as the Agent Causation Theory, which I believe to be the most effective at explaining the phenomenon of free will. First, I will explain why I find other widely accepted theories unacceptable.

The doctrine of Hard Determinism holds that every action has pre-existing causes which determine the exact outcome of an event. In fact, the entire physical world is an intricate chain of cause and effect relationships. Each cause has an effect (event), which in turn becomes a cause for another event or events in the series of chains. Let me illustrate this with an example. If a tree falls in a forest surely you would not say that the tree fell for no reason (or cause). You would conclude that for whatever reason, the tree was caused to fall. It would not make sense to reason that the tree fell without a cause. It could be from a lumberjack chopping the trunk, or it could have a weak root system and be blown over in a wind storm. In any case, it was caused to fall. Determinism holds this principal of cause and effect to everything in the physical world. This means that since your actions are a part of the physical world, and according to modern science they are initiated by your brain, which is also a part of the physical world, they are determined.

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It seems if we accept the principals of modern science, we must also accept the principal of hard determinism. All our actions are all determined. Therefore, we do not have free will. However, there are many good reasons to conclude that hard determinism is false. If hard determinism is true, it stands to reason that nobody can ever act otherwise than they do. If this is the case, then nobody deserves praise or blame for any of their actions, and therefore no one has moral responsibility. Since moral responsibility is true, determinism must be false. Another strong argument against determinism was outlined by philosopher named Peter Van Inwagen. This is known as the Deliberation Argument. Van Inwagen explains this theory by using an example of a room with two solid steel doors. Suppose that you know one of the doors is welded shut, but you don't know which one. Now try to imagine deliberating over which door you will use to exit the room. The point is that it makes no sense to deliberate over which door to exit by if you know there is only one possible way to exit. If determinism holds true than in every situation in which you are deliberating over which choice to make, you can actually only make one choice, the one you choose. It therefore makes no sense to deliberate, since you will end up making only one choice no matter what. Van Inwagen states that "you cannot rationally deliberate unless you at least believe that more that one course of action is open to you." In other words, you cannot rationally deliberate unless you believe you have a choice. Taking these arguments into account it seems to me that hard determinism is not a reasonable doctrine to accept.

Similar to hard determinism is the doctrine of soft determinism which is supported by the majority of contemporary philosophers. Soft determinists believe that the principal of determinism (cause and effect) is true, and yet they also believe in free will. This asserts that free will and determinism are compatible in one doctrine, hence soft determinism is also known as "compatibilism". Where the hard determinist holds that a choice is caused by a long chain of causes stemming from before the individuals birth, the soft determinist holds that the cause of a choice is more immediate and comes from within the individual. This immediate cause comes from the individuals "inner mental states" or "volition". In shorter terms, a free action proceeds from or is caused by the individual's desires and beliefs. The actions of an individual are determined not by a long chain of causes, but by the more immediate source of whatever that individual's own desires and beliefs may be.

Soft determinism purports to show how an individual can accept the principal of determinism while also holding that they have free will. While this is accepted by many, I find a fundamental problem which leads me to believe that soft determinism is in fact false. Soft determinism holds that each action or choice is caused (or determined) by the individual's desires and beliefs. Soft determinism accepts that principal of determinism that every event in the universe is caused by a preexisting cause, which was in turn caused, and so on. It seems then that each of my desires and beliefs then, were also caused by prior causes. This means that billions of years before I was born, a sequence of events was happening that would eventually and inevitably determine exactly what my desires and beliefs would be. So, if I act on my desires and beliefs and to eat a banana, it follows that I did not really chose to eat the banana of my own free will. Because my desire to eat the banana was predetermined, it was not within my power to have acted any other way, but to eat the banana. If I can never do otherwise than what I do, my actions are not genuinely free. It seems that soft determinism runs into the same problem that hard determinism faces, and implies that an individual's actions cannot be both free and determined.

There is another theory that attempts to explain free will without the principal of determinism. The theory is known as the "no cause" theory, and is as follows. Every free human action is traced back to an uncaused event which takes place in the brain. An uncaused event occurs in your brain, fires your neurons and causes you to act in some way. It must be emphasized that the event in the brain is uncaused. Nothing brings it about or has any determining effect on it. It can be said that the action merely happens "out of the blue". This theory frees us of determinism, and holds that although some events have causes, not all events are caused. Since this theory does not imply determinism it is an indeterminist theory.

The "no cause" theory is lacking in much more obvious ways than the deterministic theories. The problem with the "no cause" theory lies blatantly on the face of the argument. The main premise of the theory is that some actions can occur without any cause(s). However, the argument fails to explain how this random generation of an event can occur. It merely states that it does not require a cause. Why not? How does an action occur "out of the blue"? The no cause theory fails to explain any sort of mechanism or thesis for how an uncaused action occurs. Since the theory leaves this vital information untouched, it must clearly be discarded as an invalid argument for the hypothesis of free will.

At last we come to another theory of indeterminism that attempts to explain the phenomena of free will. This theory, however, unlike the no cause theory, explains how an action can occur without being influenced by chains of cause and effect. The "agent causation" theory can be traced back to the philosophy of Aristotle, but was first systematically stated by the modern philosopher Roderick Chisholm. The agent causation theory holds that choices are not determined by the physical force of cause and effect, but are still caused. Instead of the physical chain of cause and effect, each choice is caused by a "first event" which takes place within the individual. This first event is known as event "E". Event E was not caused or determined by any prior event. In addition, event E was not caused by nothing, it was brought about by the individual or "agent". It should also be noted that the agent was not caused to cause event E. There were no outside causes that caused the agent to bring about E.

So far this still does not explain how event E was caused. It didn't just happen out of the blue, and it wasn't determined. Many agent causation theorists explain this by using the theory of the originator, which I will attempt to do in the remainder of the essay. At this point we are left without knowing the cause of event E. In other words, what originates event E? It is my belief that the originator of E is an immaterial soul which each individual possesses. According to this theory, each of us has an immaterial soul which gives us the power of free will. Since a soul is immaterial, it is not determined by the cause and effect sway of the physical world. This enables us to go outside of the pre-existing cause and effect chain and start a new chain with event E. On this view, free will is a power possessed by the soul.

The originator agent causation theory is also known as the "soul theory", in reference to the ability of the soul to give free will. To illustrate this theory, suppose that Jim freely makes a decision and performs and action. We can conclude that the cause of Jim's action is not the physical world, but Jim himself, for Jim is the agent performing the action. The soul theory states that in each case in which we perform a free action the "self" is the cause of the action, nothing else. This theory offers an explanation that explains how each of our choices can be free and how we are the causes of our own actions.

Once it has been determined that our actions are indeed free, and not caused by previous events, one come to accept morality and the idea of responsible moral choices. As stated earlier, if determinism is true than we cannot act otherwise, which implies that no one deserves praise of blame. There is therefore no such thing as morality and moral choices. According to the agent causation theory and the soul theory, each individual is the cause of his own actions, the actions are therefore free. If your actions are indeed free and not determined by outside forces, you can be held responsible for each or your actions. This means that praise and blame can be distributed, and morality is a valid principal or set of principals. Morality and free will being valid, it follows that we are capable of making responsible moral choices which are not determined by outside forces. We are the originators of our actions, which holds us responsible to our actions and obligates us to make responsible moral choices.

Throughout my studies I have encountered many arguments about determinism and indeterminism which have all compelled me to come to the conclusion that I have outlined in this essay. It seems that without accepting the agent causation theory one cannot make sense of morality and free moral choice. Determinism has clearly proved to be insufficient to explain moral decisions, for if determinism is accepted morality cannot follow. On the other side of the spectrum, the indeterminist doctrine of the no cause theory cannot be true, because while it eliminates determinism, it does not deal with the mechanism which originates the free choice. The only acceptable way to make sense of morality is to accept that there is some immaterial mechanism which gives us the ability to act freely. While I do accept agent causation and the soul theory, I also recognize that it is not a definitive conclusion. But, in moral philosophy there are no definitive answers, only the most logical and probable.

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The way in which viewers are encouraged to perceive certain groups of people or individuals is predominantly influenced by the symbolic and technical codes used by the filmmakers. In the feature film Erin Brockovich viewers are positioned to identify with the major characters and accept the way in which they are represented. Erin Brockovich consists of a small variety of groups of people as well as the important characters that are portrayed as the individuals. Film producers rely heavily on the use of symbolic and technical codes to present the characters but the direction of viewers' attitude towards these representations is also influenced by additional methods.The feature film Erin Brockovich is a true story about a determined woman who tackles the corporate giant, Pacific Gas and Electric in a lawsuit regarding the deceit directed towards a small Californian town, Hinkley, as to the misleading statements regarding the condition of their water supply. With the assistance of Ed Masry's legal expertise, Erin and Ed commit themselves to help these unfortunate people whose lives have been destroyed because of the diseases and various types of illnesses the contaminated water has forced upon them.Symbolic techniques are used in the feature film Erin Brockovich to foster an influenced representation if individuals. This is intentional, as the viewer can accept and identify with these individuals. Erin Brockovichs' storyline is categorized into the Archetypal narrative of the underdog against the more powerful foe. This is highlighted in a distinct and powerful scene when Peter Jensen, husband of Donna Jensen, is seen in absolute dismay and distress, crying, whilst throwing stones at the Hinkley Water Corporation that is seen in the distance. The viewer witnesses camera shots of his homestead with his lights on seen through the windows and then reverts to camera shots of the Hinkley plant itself. The predominant colour used in this scene is a blue-grey which is somewhat symbolic to the emotions Peter is feeling, further scooping the whole underdog notion. Through the throwing of stones at the Hinkley plant the powerful similarities seen between the ‘David and Goliath' bible tale are clearly unmistakable. Through this specific scene the viewer can observe the severity of damage PG and E have caused individuals such as Peter Jensen, as he has just learnt that his wife has a malignant tumor in her breast. The movie producers purposely use the symbolic technique of colour to further heighten the emotions of the viewer and to make the viewer understand the situation as being somewhat similar to ‘David and Goliath'. The viewer feels a level of empathy and commiseration for Peter Jensen as PG and E have instigated horrible life-threatening damages to his family. The negative representation of PG and E is acquired as the viewers look on to the suffering they have caused and through this determine that PG and E are the antagonists in this situation. As the viewer values family and life, they cab accept and identify with Peter Jensen as an individual.Feature film producers in Erin Brockovich employ symbolic codes to portray a certain representation of a group of people such as the plaintiffs. All plaintiffs differ as individuals but all withhold the link of exposure to hexavalent chromium during their time in Hinkley. All of the six hundred and fourteen plaintiffs are represented in Erin Brockovich to belong to the same socio-economic grouping. Obviously this is not the case for all of the plaintiffs but the minority whoa re seen, through their appearance; the viewer can assume that these people are not very well off. This is displayed through costume, as their clothing is middle class. Also through setting the viewer witnesses the conditions of their homesteads and how the town is constructed as a whole. The viewer sees the diversity of the plaintiffs through their dress in a series of scenes referred as jump cuts when Erin and Ed are driving around knocking door to door to obtain the extra one hundred and fifty signatures needed for the arbitration proposal. The viewer sees a diverse range of people, all having a different appearance seen through the symbolic code costume. This is done intentionally by feature filmmakers to put some emphasis on the assortment of people affected by PG and E. Another scene where the viewer sees the diversity of the plaintiffs is where Ed Masry is explaining the arbitration proposal to the town at a group meeting on a relatively humid night. This scene is seen from the perspective from Ed Masry as the viewer witnesses the audience he is addressing dressed at a middle class level trying to battle the humidity. Also through setting the viewer interprets that there is not a high demand for living in Hinkley because when the representative for PG and E offers $50,000 for the Jensen's home he is cocky and cynical as he states that this is a above market value for an area such as this. The representative hints to the audience that Hinkley is not a very desirable place to live. All scenes where the viewer observes the plaintiffs determine on what level the viewer accepts and identifies with them therefore somewhat relating to them. The viewers of Erin Brockovich can relate to these plaintiffs and they accept the representation that they belong to the lower to middle class who are merely trying to sue PG and E in order for compensation to enable some future security through financial means. Through the symbolic code, costume, the viewer understands that PG and E are far superior to the plaintiffs in social-economic grouping. The viewer accepts this representation and can identify with the plaintiffs as some viewers may feel they are deserving of compensation and also some viewers may have similarities with them too such as appearance. The viewer is enabled to accept these people as a group due to the representation that they are normal everyday citizens whose lives have been crushed by another conflicting group, PG and E.

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Technical camera shot are employed in Erin Brockovich to portray an influenced representation of PG and E itself. With the further aid of audio codes, technical camera shots can be further emphasized and help the viewer in fully understanding what is carried out in a scene. When Erin is at home she receives a disturbing phone call from an anonymous man. This anonymous man is an unseen individual representing the PG and E group. The mystery caller states that Erin should be careful and should nor continue her investigations further and implies to her that if she continues he will use her children as a means to damage her. After the audio phone call that the viewer is fully able to hear, camera shots clearly show that Erin is now high-strung and edgy. Due to her nervousness she closes her blinds and checks her house for some further assurance on personal security and privacy. A long shot is used as well as a series of close ups of Erin's face to show the audience that she is now rattled and worried. The viewer can identify with Erin's natural maternal instinct to protect her children from harm. This unseen anonymous character is an individual represented as the PG and E group and therefore as a group they are reflected to be negative as they would intentionally harm children to hide the truth. The viewers of Erin Brockovich value family, so this further enables a level of identification and acceptance between them and Erin. The viewer interprets PG and E as dangerous and evil as childhood innocence and life is valued by the majority of society. The negative representation is clear as they are prepared to harm more people to cover up the truth regarding contaminated water. The viewer accepts this negative representation of PG and E because of the direction of Erin reacted to the hostile threat. Although due to Erin's strong character she still continues her investigations to help the plaintiffs. Erin is seen as the movies protagonist and therefore the viewer sides with Erin.Technical camera angles are use by feature filmmakers to show an influenced representation of Erin as an individual. In a scene when Erin arrives home late one night, she discovers Jeorge is ready to leave her as she has been neglecting him as a partner in their relationship. Jeorge is shown through camera manipulation to look upset as a long shot is used to symbolize his loneliness. Jeorge tells Erin she has to find a different job or a different guy. Erin replies "For the first time in my life, I got people respecting me. Please don't ask me to give that up"(1)Erin clearly does not wan to give up her job as she has worked very hard and the Hinkley community respects her. Erin is sick and tired of being pushed down by the constraints of a male-dominated society and she wants to be successful in life. By witnessing this camera angle of Jeorge and Erin's personal reaction to it can help the viewer in successfully identifying and accepting Erin as an individual. Erin is seen as a heroine for not falling for Jeorge's request and fighting for her independence, as she does not want to confirm with the conventions of males being dominant over women. The viewer accepts this positive representation of Erin because she gives so much to help people and she does not want to give that up even if it deters her away from her partner, Jeorge. The viewer accepts and identifies with Erin as well as the representation that she sacrifices a lot of time from her personal life to help the PG and E case run smoothly. The viewer can relate to Erin because of their similar ties with values and attitudes, as well as the manipulation of technical codes such as long shots and full shots to enable on the correct character representation to come across to the audience. Technical codes play an essential role in the acceptance and identification of Erin as an individual by the viewers.Viewers throughout the feature film Erin Brockovich are somewhat influenced to perceive certain representations of individuals and groups of people through the aid of technical and symbolic codes. Viewers are purposely positioned by feature filmmakers to identify and accept all characters whether in a positive or negative light. Also all characters whether they belong to a group or seen as individuals are purposely constructed by film directors to achieve a certain response from the viewer. Film directors depend heavily on the use of symbolic and technical codes to further present these characters. Other codes such as audio codes play a role in the fine-tuning of a scene and the light in which an individual or a group is represented.

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