IKEA HISTORY

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The business idea of IKEA is to put forward an extensive collection of home furnishings with good design and function at a price low enough for as many people as possible. IKEA responds to home furnishing needs from people worldwide with different styles, incomes, and requests. The business is based on a partnership with customers. IKEA offers attractive, durable furniture at low prices and the consumer chooses a product, picks it up at a self-serve warehouse, and then assembles it. By not charging customers for something they can do on their own, they are able to save money.

IKEA offers an assortment of products in several ways. First, it is extensive in function. Their inventory includes everything from plants to living room furniture, and from toys to kitchen wear. Pretty much every basic requirement to build a home is available at IKEA. Secondly, the company is broad in style because it offers products that are modern, practical, and attractive. By combining function and style, the variety existing at IKEA is appropriate for most homes by not being overly extreme or decorated in excess, but it is unique and focuses on what is important.

Other than function and a wide variety, IKEA is determined to offer all their consumers with the lowest prices possible. Product developers search for manufacturers who can produce merchandise in the most cost-effective way. There is a team behind each product that consists of designers, purchasers, and developers who get together to determine who can produce the product at the best quality for the right price. And because consumers participate in receiving the product and assembling it, they are able to avoid unnecessary fees like delivery cost. IKEA is constantly working to bring consumers lower prices. The low price is key to the vision of bringing a better everyday life for as many people as possible.

Based in Sweden but available in thirty-one countries around the world, IKEA operates on a franchise basis. The IKEA of Sweden is accountable for the complete IKEA collection and all products in the collection are clearly labeled "Design and Quality, IKEA of Sweden." The top five sales countries include Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Sweden.

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What is Literature?

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What is Literature?

Websters dictionary defines literature as all writings in prose or verse of an imaginative character, all such writings having permanent interest, and exellence of form. But what exactly does this mean? First of all who has the power to decide which works are of exellence and which arent? And with whose permanent interests do these works of exellence deal with? In his essay What is literature? Terry Eagleton analyzes the different interpretations of the meaning of literature in different times and places, to then bring to light the idea that any meaning given to literature cannot be objective, ergo it must have a subjective meaning.

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Eagleton first communicates to us that the meaning of literature cannot be a distinction of fact and fiction. This is because in the process of characterizing literature through the means of fact and fiction a large amount of discrimination exists. As some defined literature to be imaginative or fictional writing, works within the same subject were sorted into those being considered literature and those which were not. That is to say that while one of the works was included as literature the other would end up being excluded. Such is the case of philosophy by Lamb considered literature, and yet philosophy by Benthan was not considered literature.

Eagleton also observed that the meaning of literature was defined in many ways by the use of language in peculiar ways. Many believed language to be what made monotonous situations seem like extraordinary events to the reader. But this definition is also subjective, because what we may see as intensified ordinary speech can be altered by place and time. The Formalists were of the opinion that literature was a special kind of language. But as Eagleton explains there doesnt exist just one normal language that can call for a special language.

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My response to "bear necessities"

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The first reading I chose for my reading response project was Kari Wiederkehr's short story entitled ¡°Bear Necessities . I hardly understand the meaning of the title, but I thought it will be an interesting story, so I decided to read over the story.In this story, Kari Wiederkehr describes how a black bear changed a man's attitude to his life. Douglas, the protagonist of the story, had extremely bad mood and went out for jog because of the changing of his wife. After he risked a bear in the forest, all trouble in his life had disappeared, and Douglas thought he could not be angry with his wife because she was the most important in his life.When I finished this story, the first point appeared in my mind was that we had better be satisfied with what we have now. I do not have the experience like Douglas, but I saw many similar circumstances in some movies. Most of the protagonists in these movies realized the importance of their wives, children, or families until they were on the edge of life. Of course, not everyone was as lucky as Douglas who can continue to enjoy his life which had been changed in his mind. I think this kind of situation can often happen in our real lives, but may not be related to the life. For example, I looked forward to entering the best high school in my city; however, I failed the test the school gave since I did not concentrate on the exam practices. I was regretful but I had no second time. The only choice for me was to the regular school. The only view I want to say through my own sample is do not wait until everything is too late.From this story, I found I have the same thought as Douglas's wife, and that is ¡°change is inevitable. The world, the society and the life are developing fast now, so I can not stick one thing in a certain way all the time. What I should do is to learn to accept the new methods and products, so I will not always complain and miss something essential. The story enlightened me that regret is not a good prescription in my study life, work life, or family life. The key is to do my best what I can do.

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An influential Personevent

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in An influential Personevent, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your An influential Personevent paper at affordable prices with custom writing service! Norbert Zongo was a pioneering journalist and fearless critic of the government in Burkina Faso. He was brutally killed on 1 December 18, along with three companions. Compelling evidence points to the involvement of security officials in his murder. In an interview given in July 17, he himself said, you cannot be everyone's friend. The full text of this interview, which provides a vivid insight into his commitment to human rights, can be found as an Appendix to this report. This report honours the memory of Norbert Zongo. ARTICLE 1 adds its voice to the many who have called for the full truth about his murder to be revealed and for those responsible to be brought to justice.

Introduction

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Norbert Zongo, one of Burkina Faso's best known journalists, was editor-in-chief of an independent weekly newspaper, L'Indpendant, and a founding member in 18 of the Mouvement Burkinab des droits de l'homme et des peuples (MBDHP) [Burkinab Movement for Human and Peoples' Rights]. The organisation became a powerful voice for justice and freedom as Burkina Faso embarked on an uncertain, flawed democratic transition. By 18, this independent human rights organisation had representatives in all 45 provinces. As Norbert Zongo argued, the climate of impunity for violators of human rights has remained a fundamental problem in Burkina Faso. On 1 December 18, he became a victim of the climate of impunity he had fought so hard to dispel. The charred body of Norbert Zongo was found with those of two other passengers in a vehicle about 100 kilometres from the capital, Ouagadougou, on the road to Sapouy. A fourth body was found beside the vehicle. The other victims were his brother, Ernest Zongo, his chauffeur, Ablass Nikima, and a companion, Blaise Ilboudo.His brutal death is also evidence of how dangerous it can still be to exercise your right to freedom of expression in Burkina Faso. Norbert Zongos murder caused an unprecedented public outcry in Burkina Faso which so shook the government that it agreed within days to convene a commission of inquiry including members of local civil society organisations as well as an international representative from Reporters sans Frontières (RSF) in order to investigate the killings. The commission of inquiry began its investigations in January 1 and made public its findings on 7 May 1. It pointed the finger at a senior officer of the Presidential Guard and lower ranking members of the same force, and suggested that the most likely reason for the murders was Norbert Zongos work as an investigative journalist and, specifically, his investigation into the death in custody under torture of a personal employee of the Presidents brother. But the Burkina Faso government has yet to take action to implement its recommendations, not least by bringing the perpetrators to justice. The case of Norbert Zongo and his three companions has become the acid test of Burkina Fasos democratic transition. His death has sparked a massive political crisis which the ruling party, the Congrès pour la Dmocratie et la Paix (CDP) [Congress for Democracy and Peace], led by President Blaise Compaor, is still struggling to resolve.

The circumstances of Norbert Zongos deathOn 1 December 18 Norbert Zongo and three companions were killed. There is strong evidence to suggest that the four deaths were the result of Norbert Zongos relentless determination to investigate the circumstances of the death in custody of R. David Oudraogo, chauffeur of François Compaor, who is both President Blaise Compaors brother and a presidential adviser. R. David Oudraogo had been arrested with two other domestic employees of François Compaor in December 17, accused of stealing money from their employers home and taken to the military barracks. It was alleged that he had been tortured to death by members of the Presidential Guard while in their barracks. These allegations were considered credible by the US State Department. () The two other detainees were also badly tortured while in custody. In the absence of any formal inquiry into the case of R. David Oudraogo, Norbert Zongo embarked upon his own investigation during 18 through his newspaper, LIndpendant. An independent commission of inquiry into Norbert Zongos death directly links his murder to these investigations.

The Public Reaction to Norbert Zongos DeathNorbert Zongos death provoked an enormous outburst of public indignation and protest in Burkina Faso. Several people were briefly detained for their part in the demonstrations, which at first focused on attacking the headquarters of the CDP in Ouagadougou and CDP supporters in Norbert Zongos hometown of Koudougou. It then became a joint movement, known as the Collectif des organisations dmocratiques de masse et des partis politiques [Collective of grassroots democratic organisations and opposition parties] which brought together trade unions, opposition parties, student and human rights groups and which called for a general strike. In mid-December 18, Herman Yamogo, leader of the Alliance pour la dmocratie et la fdration (ADF/RDA), [Alliance for Democracy and the Federation], which is a member of the Collectif, was briefly held at the Gendarmerie during an Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit meeting in Ouagadougou, in an apparent attempt to silence him. On 18 December 18 the government announced it would set up a commission of inquiry comprising members of civil society and international representatives. However, sectors of the population were not satisfied that the commission of inquiry would be sufficiently independent and so a few days later set up their own inquiry. Eventually a compromise was reached with the government. The proportion of non-governmental representatives was increased and commission of inquiry members were granted immunity from prosecution. However, once the commission of inquiry was established, there were further delays as family members and members of the Collectif withdrew their support until demonstrators were released and the state of siege was lifted throughout the country.

The independent commission of inquirys findingsThe 11-person commission of inquiry was set the task of carrying out investigations which would reveal the causes of the death of the four people on 1 December 18. It was formally established on 5 January 1 and began hearing testimonies on 1 February. It collected testimonies from 04 people despite widespread fears of harassment. The commission of inquiry had the power to compel people to testify. The commission of inquiry suffered from the fact that some of its support staff were withdrawn without notice and before its work was completed by involved ministries and the national Gendarmerie. The commission of inquiry was able to profit from the co-operation of a ballistic and incendiary expert who examined the burnt-out vehicle and the ammunition retrieved and a pathologist who together with a forensic doctor carried out autopsies on the four corpses.On 7 May 1 the independent commission of inquiry made public its conclusions it stated clearly that Norbert Zongo had been killed for purely political motives because he was a committed investigative journalist. It asserted He defended a democratic ideal and took up the commitment, with his newspaper, to fight for the respect of human rights and justice and against public mismanagement and impunity. The report established that the fire which engulfed the vehicle was not linked to a mechanical fault but had been deliberately caused by pouring an alcohol-based liquid on the car and setting it alight.It further concluded that Norbert Zongo and his companions were murdered. They had been shot before they and their vehicle were set alight. The commission of inquiry examined various possible explanations for the attack - highway bandits, hunters, cattle raiders, foreign actors, or a crime committed by the opposition or the State. Six members of the Rgiment de la scurit prsidentielle [Presidential Guard] were named as prime suspects in the murder of Norbert Zongo. They were Christophe Kombacere (a soldier), Ousseini Yaro (a soldier), Corporal Wampasba Nacoulma, Sergeant Banagoulo Yaro, Sergeant Edmond Koama and Adjutant Marcel Kafando. The commission of inquiry recommended that judicial proceedings should be instituted against them and stated that, given the barbaric nature of the crime, there should be no limit on the period during which it can be investigated.Norbert Zongo had, according to the commission of inquirys report, been investigating several topics, which could have been irritating to the authorities. They listed various investigations, including those dealing with economic fraud and electoral malpractice, his concerns about a modification to the Constitution allowing the President to be re-elected indefinitely, and his determination to discover the truth about the R. David Oudraogo Affair. It stated that the other three victims were killed because they would have otherwise been witnesses to the crime.Various witnesses testified that Norbert Zongo had previously been threatened. Reference was made to attempts to poison him and to death threats he had received. Speaking of the past, a senior lawyer, Dramane Yamogo, stated Norbert used to write that he had received threats and I have no reason to doubt him. The report also states that if the judicial authorities had properly investigated the circumstances of R. David Oudraogos death (which the report implies was a direct result of torture), it is possible that the death of Norbert Zongo and his three companions could have been avoided. It was not until 0 March 1 that it was made public that François Compaor had been charged on 18 January 1 with the murder of R. David Oudraogo and with harbouring his body. He was never arrested or detained and remains a free man to this day. The day after the charges were made public, the Appeal Court in Ouagadougou responded to François Compaors request that charges be withdrawn by ruling that they were not competent to hear the case and by referring it to a military court. As R. David Oudraogo had died in custody of members of the Presidential Guard, the judge declared that military jurisdiction was more appropriate. No subsequent action is known to have taken place under any military jurisdiction. The report also noted that the action taken by the authorities in reaction to R. David Oudraogos death was slow and fell far short of international human rights standards. The commission of inquiry called for an end to impunity in Burkina Faso. This demand was not new in Burkina Faso. In April 18, the MBDHP submitted a complaint to the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights about the governments failure to investigate and establish accountability for past human rights violations. In October 18, the government agreed to negotiate with the MBDHP measures to resolve the various cases raised in the complaint. () In doing so, the government was acknowledging that the problem of impunity was a real one. Government reaction to the commission of inquiry findingsIn early May 1, the report of the commission of inquiry was handed to the Prime Minister, Mr Kadre Oudraogo, who said that appropriate measures would be taken in response to the report. In mid-May, Herman Yamogo was again arrested after violent demonstrations in Koudougou, the hometown of both Herman Yamogo and Norbert Zongo. He was accused of ordering acts of vandalism, but no charges were brought and he was released after three days. His home reportedly had been attacked by a militia group linked to senior government officials. Halidou Oudraogo, President of the MBDHP and Chairman of the Union Interafricaine des Droits de lHomme (UIDH) [Inter-African Human Rights Union], was also briefly held with Thibaut Nana, President of the Thomas Sankara Association. On May, shortly after publication, the Secretary General of RSF, Robert Mnard, who had been a member of the commission of inquiry was expelled from the country although the Minister responsible for Territorial Administration later described the act as being escorted to the border. The same Minister had reportedly told Agence France Presse that the government was holding Robert Mnard morally responsible for the student demonstrations which had followed radio interviews in which he has spoken of the commission of inquirys conclusions.On 1 May 1, President Blaise Compaor pledged to reform the Presidential Guard. He also ordered the release of all imprisoned demonstrators except for those who were accused by civil parties of acts of violence and vandalism. He also undertook to ensure that the magistrate investigating the Norbert Zongo dossier would be relieved of other casework so that he could concentrate fully on the case. The Collectif had been instrumental in advocating fundamental reforms to the Presidential Guard. The President also set up a Collège des sages, [college of elders] to deal with the question of past crimes which remained unpunished. On 17 June 1, the Collège des sages called for the arrest of those responsible for the death of R. David Oudraogo. On the following day, three people were arrested and taken to the Maison dArrêt et de Correction de Ouagadougou (MACO) [Ouagadougou Detention and Correctional Centre], where they remain at the time of writing. Their names had also appeared in the commission of inquirys report as suspects in the murder of Norbert Zongo and his companions. They are Adjudant Marcel Kafando, an important figure within the Presidential Guard who had been briefly detained while the commission of inquiry was sitting for giving them contradictory alibis; Sergeant Edmond Koama; and Ousseini Yaro, a soldier. However, none of these three men have been formally charged with the murder of R. David Oudraogo to date and no one has been arrested or charged in connection with the death of Norbert Zongo and his companions. In July 1, the RSFs Secretary General, Robert Mnard, a member of the commission of inquiry, was prevented from re-visiting Burkina Faso. He had wanted to ascertain the progress made by the government in responding to the recommendations of the commission of inquiry, but the authorities declared his visit ill-timed and likely to compromise the tranquillity of the country. In September 1, the Minister of Communication responded to pressure at the Francophone Summit by saying that an RSF representative would be welcome to visit Burkina Faso. However, when their delegation arrived at the airport on 17 September 1, they were detained by plain-clothes officials who told them the chief of the Gendarmerie had ordered that they immediately reboard the plane. They were escorted to the plane and denied the right to contact their diplomatic representative in Ouagadougou. The Collège des sages has also recommended that a commission of truth, justice and reconciliation be set up. However, the government has instead created a commission of national reconciliation, with no reference to the vital elements of truth and justice. This has further enraged public opinion in Burkina Faso, which is impatient to see perpetrators of human rights abuses held accountable for their actions.

Conclusion and recommendationsThree people are presently in custody in connection with the murder of R. David Oudraogo in late 17. They are held being without charge or trial. Perhaps if it had not been for the extensive and sustained public outcry in reaction to Norbert Zongos death, no one at all would have been arrested. They should either be promptly charged and tried in a manner consistent with international fair trial standards or released. However, the fact that François Compaor remains at liberty suggests that it may be the little men who will pay the price for R. David Oudraogos death rather than the powerful facing justice. Meanwhile, no one is close to being held accountable for the death of Norbert Zongo and his three companions. It is no exaggeration to claim that Burkina Fasos democratic future may depend on a just resolution of these apparently interconnected murders. The nomination in June 1 of a Collège des sages to deal with questions of impunity is an important first step towards breaking the cycle of human rights violations which has characterised Burkina Fasos history. It is reported that this group comprising former heads of state, traditional and religious leaders has already received numerous representations covering economic as well as political crimes, implying some public confidence in this body. But it is essential that these investigations are eventually handed over to a judicial body. While such a full and public exploration of the facts can be useful, it must be followed by a full criminal investigation and a clear judicial determination of guilt or innocence. The demand of the Collège des sages for truth and justice as well as reconciliation must be heeded. In addition to holding past violators of human rights to account, it is essential that there is respect for freedom of expression if matters of public interest are to come to light. It is therefore worrying that journalists continue to be detained. On 15 September 1, Paulin Yamogo, editor in chief of the weekly San Finna, was called to the Office of State Security and detained. In a recent editorial the newspaper had published an article entitled When Blaise Compaor rolls out the red carpet for the coup-plotters () which reportedly criticised the governments gangster-like administration and spoke of dissatisfaction within the military. He was held for a few days before being released without charge. Respect for the right to freely express one opinions and impart information is an essential component of respect for human rights. In particular, freedom of information legislation would facilitate future access to official information by the media and might remove the need for the successors to Norbert Zongo to take such enormous risks in pursuit of the truth.

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Advocating Changes: You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 25, 2003Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?Advocating Change: You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn

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Advocating Changes You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 5, 00Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?

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Advocating Change You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn about communicating with their legislators and elected officials. Participants will have the opportunity to visit with available legislators, other elected officials and lobbyists; watch the legislative process from the galleries (provided the Senate and/or House are in session); attend a rally; and tour the State Capitol. Lunch will be provided.

Attendance is limited. Interested parties are encouraged to register early.Registration Fee

There is no registration fee to participate in Advocating Change. However, participants are responsible for their transportation to and from the Capitol Complex.

Lunch will be provided through generous contributions from various corporations including HyVee & Wells Blue Bunny.Security at the CapitolSecurity at the Capitol has increased over the last year. The public may enter the building through the lower entrances on the west, south and east sides of the Capitol. Visitors will need to walk through a metal detector and bags will be scanned. Please be aware of these security measures as you plan your attendance at Advocating Change.Advocating Changes You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 5, 00Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?

Advocating Change You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn about communicating with their legislators and elected officials. Participants will have the opportunity to visit with available legislators, other elected officials and lobbyists; watch the legislative process from the galleries (provided the Senate and/or House are in session); attend a rally; and tour the State Capitol. Lunch will be provided.

Attendance is limited. Interested parties are encouraged to register early.Registration Fee

There is no registration fee to participate in Advocating Change. However, participants are responsible for their transportation to and from the Capitol Complex.

Lunch will be provided through generous contributions from various corporations including HyVee & Wells Blue Bunny.Security at the CapitolSecurity at the Capitol has increased over the last year. The public may enter the building through the lower entrances on the west, south and east sides of the Capitol. Visitors will need to walk through a metal detector and bags will be scanned. Please be aware of these security measures as you plan your attendance at Advocating Change. Advocating Changes You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 5, 00Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?

Advocating Change You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn about communicating with their legislators and elected officials. Participants will have the opportunity to visit with available legislators, other elected officials and lobbyists; watch the legislative process from the galleries (provided the Senate and/or House are in session); attend a rally; and tour the State Capitol. Lunch will be provided.

Attendance is limited. Interested parties are encouraged to register early.Registration Fee

There is no registration fee to participate in Advocating Change. However, participants are responsible for their transportation to and from the Capitol Complex.

Lunch will be provided through generous contributions from various corporations including HyVee & Wells Blue Bunny.Security at the CapitolSecurity at the Capitol has increased over the last year. The public may enter the building through the lower entrances on the west, south and east sides of the Capitol. Visitors will need to walk through a metal detector and bags will be scanned. Please be aware of these security measures as you plan your attendance at Advocating Change.Please note that this sample paper on Advocating Changes: You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 25, 2003Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?Advocating Change: You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Advocating Changes: You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 25, 2003Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?Advocating Change: You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Advocating Changes: You Can Make A DifferenceTuesday, March 25, 2003Wallace State Office Building, Des Moines, IowaWhat is Advocating Change?Advocating Change: You Can Make a Difference is a day designed specifically for persons with disabilities to learn will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Nonmainstream areas play a vital role in society

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In the East society, especially in Chinese society, things like fengshui, nomenology, and the power of birthdays affect people¡¦s lives. Some of them do trust the supernatural power and everything they do must be according to it. Even in West society, nonmainstream areas, e.g. stars, numbers, and UFOs, are appealing lots of people.Such things play an important role in many people¡¦s lives. In psychological views, these people may seek for something that make them feel confident to do something they have no idea. When people are doing something they are not quite sure or some difficult missions, they need a supporting strength to make them continue. In this point, nonmainstream areas satisfy the people and make them get a lot of power to do the things they are afraid. The areas do fill the area that mainstream science does not offer.However, in views of the mainstream science, things like astrology and fortune-telling are without science evidences, and people can not trust them. These areas seem to guess the people¡¦s backgrounds, people¡¦s favorites, and even people¡¦s futures. No evidence can support the things they tell. Some people who¡¦s occupation are fortune-teller are found they deceive their customers to get a lot of money from them. But mainstream areas still can not prove the nonmainstream areas incorrect. They are different areas and the things they try to find are so different that proving is a hard work. Scientists in mainstream areas just can say people should be very careful when they seek for supernatural power to give them answers. After all, people are just need the strength to support them. In this point of view, they should enhance their confidence to face what they fear instead of seeking a unknown science. Nonmaintream areas are kinds generalizations from past experiences. They cannot make sure what they tell will happen in the future. Human needs are not addressed by nonmainstream science either.

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Domestic violence includes1. Physical abuse (punching, kicking, hitting, choking, weapons). Psychological, emotional and verbal abuse (threats and insults). Sexual assault and abuse (force sexual activity)

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4. Financial or economical abuse (no access to or control of money)5. Social abuse (not allowed to see family friends, stalking)The abuse from domestic violence is a pattern of behaviour that one person uses against another to intimidate, dominate and control them. Fear and undermining of self esteem are usually the start followed by assaults; which the victim then believes they either deserve, or, cannot change.Domestic violence is a crime which primarily effects women and children. This form of violence has no social, age, religious or sexual barriers. Adult victims have legal and welfare support available. However, children caught in the middle can suffer emotionally and physically with the trauma of seeing their parent abused and living in fear in what may happen. The moral issues involved with domestic violence include unlawful physical assault, mistrust, jealousy and anger to control people.Humiliation and threats to hurt people. Threats and pressure to impact on peoples liberty.Domestic violence is not just an outburst of anger it is managed and controlled and targeted only against their victim. Domestic violence is about power and control.The Catholic Church condemns relationships involving violence - whether it be real or threatened. Domestic violence removes the persons basic dignity and any caring for the welfare of others. The fact it is a crime and breaks Gods commandments makes domestic violence morally wrong.Domestic violence opposes Catholic morality as it removes Gods gift of love, life choices, freedom, attitude and lifestyle from a relationship.Domestic violence removes love from a relationship and it can be summerised in an excerpt from ‘Don't Bash the Loving Out of Me' by Maurine Watson. You cry to me after, and swear you'll change, and you beg me not to leave you,But it builds up and I go through it again,So how can I believe you?I turn away from the fear in my babies eyes,That everyone but you can see,You kill a child's pride in their daddy,And bash the loving out of me.

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his movie could have been made more like the book, and had more meaning too it. The characters didn't follow the characters in the book as much as they should of, and I think the director should have spent more time analyzing the book, and reading through it before he did the movie.his movie could have been made more like the book, and had more meaning too it. The characters didn't follow the characters in the book as much as they should of, and I think the director should have spent more time analyzing the book, and reading through it before he did the movie.his movie could have been made more like the book, and had more meaning too it. The characters didn't follow the characters in the book as much as they should of, and I think the director should have spent more time analyzing the book, and reading through it before he did the movie.his movie could have been made more like the book, and had more meaning too it. The characters didn't follow the characters in the book as much as they should of, and I think the director should have spent more time analyzing the book, and reading through it before he did the movie.his movie could have been made more like the book, and had more meaning too it. The characters didn't follow the characters in the book as much as they should of, and I When the British came to America religion was an important thing to them. Each colony was closely related to the religion in it, but the most prominent changes took place in New England. New England belonged to the Puritans, and that's the only was they would have it. The Puritans believed in predestination, which meant that it was already decided where they were going to go; heaven or hell. The Puritans also believed that the better and more they worked, they had a better chance at going to heaven. This soon changed when they realized that the Bible was not to be taken literally. It was around this time that the Salem witch trials were happening. If someone was a different religion they would be considered a witch. Money started becoming more important than church for the Puritans and they started to recognize other religions, and have more religious tolerance. By 176 there was separation of church and state, and the colonies had better religious tolerance.

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SWOT Analysis

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Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and ThreatAnalysis for Kyocera Corporation

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A SWOT Analysis of the Kyocera Corporation

In April of 15, Kazuo Inamori started a small ceramics company in Kyoto, Japan. With only three million yen in capital, and a work force of only twenty-eight employees, Kyoto Ceramics (later shortened to Kyocera) began to produce quality ceramic products. Since then it has grown into a corporation that produces various business equipment, electronic devices, and ceramic products. The corporation now has over fourteen thousand employees, and over one hundred and fifteen billion yen in capital. The corporation owns one hundred and sixty-one group companies with over forty-four thousand employees. (Kyocera homepage, 00, http//global.kyocera.com/ company/gaiyou.html)

During the early 160's the company was off to a tough start. Inamori was not trained in management, and started off doing what he thought was right. One of the first objectives his company embodied was customer satisfaction. Inamori was totally committed to putting out quality products, and pleasing his customers. The employees would work sixteen-hour days, six days a week, and would stay in a company dormitory. (Miller, 18) This work ethic was in keeping with Japanese customs, and would pave the way for the future success of the company. The market for Kyocera products was not very strong in Japan in the early 160's. Inamori realized that in order for his company to grow, he would have to venture away from the rigid Japanese business customs and mindset. In 16 Inamori traveled to the United States, and realized that there was a lot of potential in the emerging semiconductor business. In 168 a representative office was opened in California. (Kyocera homepage, 00, http//global.kyocera.com/company/history.html)Initially the company was known more for their customer support than they were for their products. Inamori's belief in customer satisfaction quickly earned him a spotless reputation in the United States. They were able to help customers develop high technology solutions, when other companies simply would not, or could not. They would also provide solutions in days, when their competitors would take weeks. During the 170's and 180's, the company began to diversify. Kyocera acquired many new businesses that were on the verge of bankruptcy. The company also entered many new markets through start up companies. They would find an attractive company, which was struggling for capital to get off their feet, and buy it. This has lead to Kyocera's wide range of products. Today the Kyocera Corporation is a leading manufacturer of telecommunications, information, and optical precision equipment, as well as ceramic components used in semiconductor parts. The Kyocera Corporation has grown to be one of the most admired companies in Japan and abroad. (Miller, 18) They have successfully integrated new ideas and approaches to problem solving with traditional beliefs and business customs. Strengths

One of the greatest strengths that Kyocera has is diversification. The company has more than one hundred and sixty companies making products in seventeen broad categories. Kyocera Corporation grosses over six billion dollars a year, and produces three-fifths of the world's ceramic semiconductor packages. Kyocera has shown the ability to adapt to changing market conditions and has gotten into strong growth areas while they were still in their earliest stages.

The Kyocera Corporation prides itself on its ability to take care of customers and treat everyone sincerely. Every morning, workers discuss a twelve-chapter blue book, which instills a competitive spirit, while reinforcing the companies' motto, "Respect the divine and love people." (Kyocera homepage, 00, http//global.kyocera.com/company/ rinen.html) Workers with the company are known to be fiercely loyal, even though their hard work is not rewarded with monetary bonuses. Instead they are expected to work for possible promotions in the company, the knowledge that they have done the best job they could possibly do, and the fact that they have taken care of the customer. Not surprisingly, the morale of the employees is quite high.

Two-thirds of Kyocera Corporations sales come from their ceramic products. These are broken into three broad, ever growing fields. They are quality of life products, environmental preservation products, and information and communications products. Some of the products included in these groups range from semiconductor parts, to solar panels, to dental and hip joint implants. (Kyocera homepage, 00, http//global.kyocera .com/company/keiei.html)

When Kyocera enters into a new market, they do a very good analysis before hand. For that reason, their plans for acquisition of new companies usually goes as planned. If for some reason the newly acquired company does not meet the needs of the corporation, or turns out to be a bad purchase, they have found ways for the technology to benefit the already established companies.

Kyocera has established itself as an industry leader in many different fields. They have over forty years of experience, and have proven their management skills time and time again. Kyocera is sure to enjoy a long, and prosperous life as a corporation.WeaknessesWhile it's imperative for an organization to be aware of its strengths, it is also very important to be aware of its weaknesses. Kyocera has been in operation for over forty years because management has had the keen ability to determine the organization's deficiencies. With all that Kyocera does right, it is difficult to pinpoint the organization's weaknesses. Due to the fact that Kyocera Corportation has many subsidiaries, management must be concerned with the headquarters along with entirely separate organizations from various industries. An accurate analysis should be considered from an internal and external viewpoint. It's important that the analysis be truthful so that actions can be taken to overcome the weaknesses as quickly as possible. From the viewpoint of the entire Kyocera Corportation, there are a few potential weaknesses that could be minimized so as not to impair customer satisfaction. Internally, the management techniques could be adjusted to reflect a more "Westernized" style of management. The company motto "respect the divine and love the people" obviously does not apply to employees. The pressure for employees to work long hours, offer complete devotion, to marry other employees and be buried in the company cemetery could be preventing Kyocera from attracting quality employees. Although it has been successful in the past, Kyocera now has a greater number of employees (and customers) who are not accustomed to the Japanese culture. Kyocera maintains the Japanese reward system where individuals do not receive any additional pay and the idea that superior workers should contribute their capabilities for the "good of the entire group" (Miller, 18). In the past it may have been enough to encourage individuals to excel; however, today (even in Japan where collectivism is not as strong as it has been in previous generations) a more modern approach to motivation could have a positive effect. Even though the amoeba style of management used by Kyocera has obvious benefits (such as small manageable group size, and leaders are selected on qualifications) there are not any incentives to attain a position of leadership. The head of the amoeba (or leadership role) includes the same workplace and employee benefits as other team members. Also, the amobea's performance goals are too rigid. The group develops monthly goals and annual goals. The monthly goal plans do not change, even in response to industry fluctations. Master annual goals are revised mid-year to reflect changing conditions but monthly goals are not altered once the yearly goals are set into motion (Miller, 18). The technology industry is so volatile that such rigid adherence to goals could cost Kyocera profits if they are not able to adapt to the ever- changing global market on a more short-term basis.Koycer's solar energy group went for more than twenty years with out showing regular profits and avoided being criticized because they were able to show progress (Miller, 18). The inability to alter goals or issue a designated amount or time or money for specific divisions or specifically Research and Development projects could be a weakness. Using the resources of the larger corporation allows less successful divisions to maintain operation. If it eventually pays off from the development of new products or new technology, then in the long run it would be worth the investment. However, the costs associated with such practices could prove insurmountable if left unmonitored. Currently the optics division of Kyocera Corporation is experiencing a decrease in sales of seventeen percent due to the lessening demand for optical communication components (Kyocera, 00). This trend could continue, yet the optics division would remain unchanged because of funding provided by the parent corporation in the hope that it will eventually turn a significant profit; meanwhile they are using valuable resources that could offer greater benefit somewhere else. If the division can show that it is progressing in some significant way, it will be allowed to operate unchanged.While diversification is a strength it could also be listed as a weakness. Kyocera has locations in seventeen different countries producing products in over nine different industries, though some are interrelated. They even provide real estate services! In the past Kyocera acquired business instead of starting new businesses from the ground level. Instead of specializing in any specific field they seem to prefer vertical integration. Even though it is reasonable to believe that for all the success Kyocera has had, there have been some unsuccessful business ventures that are still in progress in the hope that it will eventually turn a profit.OpportunitiesEven though Kyocera is hugely successful, there is always room for improvement. The technology industry is in constant motion and those organizations that remain on the cutting edge will benefit significantly. One obvious opportunity that exists is the advancement of solar energy products. Half of the world's population has no electricity and seventy percent do not have water within their domestic location. The virtually unmet needs of the undeveloped or underdeveloped countries for communication services offer a huge market with little competition.As recent as September 00 Kyocera Wireless Corporation announced management changeover due to changes in economic and market environments as a greater emphasis was placed on scale and the pursuit of integration for the telecom industry (Kyocera, 00). Kyocera purchased Qualcomm in 001 and became one of the leaders in the CDMA segment (newest technology for data transmission). This is evidence of the power of Kyocera's innovation and funding. They regularly invest in the future developments of products for their various industries while withstanding market changes. The opportunities for new technology in the various fields of Kyocera Corporation are virtually endless. As trade regulations decrease across the global market, Kyocera has the ability to move the manufacturing and packaging of its products to the least costly location.Of course, there is room for management to improve its relationship with their employees. Kyocera could offer incentive plans, better working hours and improved working conditions. The use of video conferencing could reduce the cost and conflict associated with the current management meetings. The opportunity exist to take an even greater share of the market in each respective industry if Kyocera strives to attain customer satisfaction with quality products and services while offering competitive pricing.Threats

Threats are negative external forces that inhibit a company's ability to achieve its objectives. Threats to a business could be new competitors entering the local market, a government regulation that affects the company, an economic recession, rising interest rates, technology advances or price wars with competitors.

There are several threats that Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation could encounter because of its global market and the constant introduction of new products.

First, we will discuss increased trade barriers. The government can place restrictions on the importing and exporting of goods of a company in the global market. Kyocera has a large global market with sixty-two manufacturing plants, one hundred sixty-one group companies and thirty-four subsidiaries in Europe. (Kyocera) Since the attacks of September 11, the United States Customs office has increased security for travelers as well as shipment of goods to and from other countries.

Kyocera manufactures products that could pose a threat such as knives, scissors and slitters made from a material called Zirconia. This material is used to produce a high quality product for sharpness. Manufacturing this type of product could make importing and exporting very difficult if Kyocera does not maintain an alliance with the government.

Kyocera has taken this threat seriously and was recently accepted as a member of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) program. This program is a joint government-business initiative to give corporations an active role in the war against terrorism by building cooperative relationships that strengthen supply chain and border security.

As a member of this program, Kyocera has demonstrated that it has met all C-TPAT supply chain security requirements and has committed to ensuring the ongoing integrity of its corporate security practices. (Kyocera,n.d)

Second, new competition has always been a major threat for Kyocera. One of the main competitors, CoorsTek, formerly Coors Porcelain Company, a division of Coors Brewing Company, triggered the United States Department of Commerce's interest in the ceramic packaging industry when it claimed that Kyocera domination of the industry constituted a threat to national security and economic competitiveness. Although the threat was overturned by firms lobbying on behalf of Kyocera, Kyocera must continue to safeguard against these threats. (Miller, 181, C46)

Also with the threat of new competition enters new products and services. As new companies enter the market they usually develop a new product or service. CoorsTek announced a new service that could potentially become a threat to Kyocera.

CoorsTek has demonstrated this threat by creating specialized teams to work with customers to quickly design, develop, manufacture, and deliver new products. These teams are called "Rapid Product Introduction Teams." According to Mark Petty, Vice President of Sales and Marketing for CoorsTek, ""This service provides a complete solution to customers requiring a fast response to market demands."" (Hartman, 00)

This is a service that Kyocera currently does not provide although they work closely with their customers and potential customers in designing and technical assistance of products at no extra charge.

In its core business area of ceramic housing for semiconductors, Kyocera faces its most important threat from plastics. This was because plastic proved to be an effective low-cost alternative for housing many of the semiconductors used in the personal computer industry. (Miller, 18, C46)

Third, there may be new regulations that the government can enforce in reference to international trade laws. The role of national governments in foreign trade is significantly greater in domestic transactions. Every country in the world has regulations regarding how products may either enter, transverse or leave is borders. This is because governments generally tax goods imported from foreign countries. (Alberta-Canada)

These regulations stem from a country's desire to protect its domestic industry from the perceived harm associated with foreign competition. While this protection often takes the form of punitive tariff duties, they can also extend to import quotas and embargoes against specific products.

With Kyocera having companies all over the world, these regulations can have a substantial bearing on the exporting of goods. These regulations can differ significantly from one nation to another. The continued presence of tariffs makes it necessary to maintain elaborate control systems to regulate and monitor the international flow of goods.

With threats constantly being a factor in any corporation, Kyocera is headed in the right direction. They are continuously seeking ways to overcome potential threats to their company.

Recommendations

Kyocera is a multi-faceted and multi-cultural company with endless ideas for design, development and production of various products. They are entering a new age of revolution, the environmental revolution, and have hit this challenge head on. Kyocera believes they are uniquely suited to support this critical element by their advanced ceramic materials and advanced technology.

Kyocera should continue striving for excellence in customer satisfaction and providing a high quality product at the best price.

References(00, April ). Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation News. Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation Accepted into U.S. Customs C-TPAT Program. Retrieved September 7, 00, from http//www.kyocera.com/KICC/News/displaypress.cfm?PressID=18.Exporting your products. (n.d.) Retrieved September 7, 00,

from http//www.alberta-canada.com/altaport/intertrade.cfmHartman, Harrison. (00). CoorsTek Amazing Solutions. CoorsTek Announces New Rapid Product Introduction Team. Retrieved September 7, 00, from http//www.coorstek.com/coorstek/coorstek.asp?menu=media&reference=newsrel.aspMiller, Alex (18). Strategic management (rd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts McGraw-Hill.(00). Kyocera Europe. Foundation. Retrieved September 7, 00, from http//www.kyocera.de/kyocera_n/english/story/gruendung.htmlPlease note that this sample paper on SWOT Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on SWOT Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on SWOT Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Despite the basic beliefs of those who are not Buddhist, Buddhism does not revolve solely around meditation. As a matter of fact, only bhikkus and bhikkunis actually meditate. The laity donate things such as food and money to the sangha, or monastic community to support the nuns and monks, and through this they attain merit, which adds to good karma (Seager, 18). When the religion spread to the United States though, Americans liked the idea of meditation, so this is the part of the religion that many took and altered so that it was almost a religion of its own. Zen Buddhism, a Japanese branch of the Mahayana , has become the popular form of Buddhism among convert Buddhists because of its use of meditation (Seager 0,1). Insight Therevada Buddhism is becoming popular for these same reasons. It is lay-oriented with teachers being laypersons themselves. Ruth Denison, one of the originators of Insight meditation, also added music and movement to a practice that traditionally involved seated meditation (Seager, 147).

Like ethnic and convert Buddhisms, Native American religions were also shaped by American culture. Unlike Buddhism; however, is the fact that the American culture was brought to Native Americans and forced upon them. The belief that Christians were to spread the word of Christ to every human being and convert each one, changed Native Americans tremendously. From voluntary boarding schools such as the one Catherine Brown attended in the east (Martin, 6) to Janitins forced coercion by Spanish Missionaries in the southwest (Martin, 6).

American culture has changed everything that originated in this country as well as everything that has been brought into this country in some way. In order for these things such as Buddhism to have survived this long in America, certain alterations were needed. They survived because in the American context things can change and will change to fit the needs of certain groups. Everything from the government to Christianity has shaped these other religions into what they are today.

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Castilla la Mancha, is located at the very center of the Iberian peninsula, it is surrounded by a huge level area, although there are mountainous landscapes too. One of the most famous tourist location in the province is Toledo. It was once the capital of Spain and it is known for its many monuments from the Moorish, Mudejar, Gothic, and Renaissance Periods, it is also known for its famous swords. Another popular sightseeing attraction is Cuenca, or the "Enchanting Medieval City". This is known for its "Hanging Houses", the Gothic Cathedral and the Museum of Abstract Art. In Cuenca there are numerous amazing natural preserves, amongst them is Ciudad Encantada, the "enchanted city", where erosion had shaped the most peculiar forms. Ciudad Real is noticed by the history of Don Quijote who is said to have fought against the windmills at the nearby Campo de Criptana.

The province La Mancha is known for its recognized inhabitants. One of the most contemporary and popular of them is film director, Pedro Almodovar, who is fifty-one years of age. His most famous film is "Todo sobre mi madre" or in English "All About my Mother". The talented actress Penelope Cruz, who is seen around the world and is also from La Mancha. The tall-tale character known as Don Quijote has a famous route after him, although his creator wasn't born in this province, this character is not just famous in Spain but also in every other part of the world.

Castilla-La-Mancha was created by a statute of autonomy approved in 18. This province is governed by a regional parliament. there are 47 congressmen and woman from Castilla-La-Mancha. The province's economy is known all around Spain for its agriculture production, and cattle raising. The agricultural vicinity of this province is known for its classical farming techniques in dry areas of farmland, where they produce cereals, Vines, and olives. The Agrarian sector has a forest full of prosperity and makes many riches for this region of Spain.

Castilla-La-Mancha is a very beautiful and cultural province in Spain. It is known for its distinct foods and artistry because of the unique cultural history of this region. La-Mancha's cities are described as architectonical treasures with magnificent monuments. The province has a great economy and is home to many famous Spaniards. This is why Castilla-La-Mancha is recognized as one of the most unique and elegant provinces in Spain.

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In a day in time where alcohol and tobacco products, although restricted by age, are available to millions, one has to wonder why there is such controversy about the proposal to legalize marijuana. Of course, there are many arguments or both sides of this hotly debated issue. Nonetheless, marijuana is no more harmful than alcohol and tobacco products and in some cases, marijuana has already proven to be medicinally helpful. Marijuana, a plant with many uses, should be legalized for crime deterrence, medicinal help and tax purposes.Marijuana is, in truth, no more harmful than currently sold alcohol and tobacco products. In the U.S. each year, millions and millions of dollars are spent on health care issues stemming from the use of alcohol and tobacco drugs Studies have indicated that the toxins in tobacco and that alcohol, perse, are addictive. Fighting addictions, added to the cost of fighting cancer, has skyrocketed the amount of money spent and the personal/ family angst suffered in this nation for decades. Studies do not, however, indicate that marijuana is a "gateway drug," one that causes addiction ("Legalization Report," Http//www.geocities.com/marinol.html). Perhaps the only reason that currently points to danger associated with marijuana has more to do with the fact that because it is not currently government regulated for the public use, marijuana does, occasionally, contain impurities that cause temporary nausea. Obviously, government control, perhaps under the FDA specifically, would guarantee a consistently pure product. Already, the FDA has that marijuana is helpful in treating nausea for cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. In addition the FDA supports the research that shows marijuana's medicinal potential in treating glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Several studies have found that "smoking marijuana reduces intraocular pressure…the main [cause] of this disease" ("Legalization Report," Http//www.geocities.com…Glaucoma). How can a drug that the FDA endorses for purposes of healing and prevention be harmful that the general population needs to be prohibited from its pleasurable effects?Along with the medicinal purposes of marijuana, it will also help to reduce crime related offenses. Police enforcement will save billions of dollars a year. Because marijuana

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Mid-term Break Analysis

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Mid-term Break Analysis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Mid-term Break Analysis paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Mid- Term BreakA poem which I have recently read is "Mid term Break" by Seamus Heany. This poem told the story of someone's death, which in turn made the poem very sad to read. The poet conveyed the sadness using various techniques.The poem begins with the poet in the medical room of his boarding school, awaiting his neighbours to arrive to take him home. When he arrives home he sees his father is crying, this can only mean one thing, someone has died. There are also some friends and relatives in the house and he feels uncomfortable and a little embarrassed because grown men are shaking his hand. His mother has "cried all she can cry" and she takes his hand. The next day he looks at the body, near the end of the poem the poet reveals that he was killed by a car accident and right at the end we find the he was only four.The poet conveys his feelings of sadness about the desth of his little brother by his skilful use of word choice. An example of this is "cot" which emphasises how young he was and "a four foot box", to tell us just how small he really was. I think this works very well because it gives the reader a clear idea of what its really like.

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Another technique that the poet uses to convey his sadness is imagery. He uses words such as "snowdrops" which gives you an image of innocence and of new life. Another word he uses is "poppy" which conveys another image of red, of a violent death. This technique worked extremely well with me.The poet also uses the versification to convey his sadness by using three lines in each verse and then only one in the last "a four box a foot for every year". He cuts it short to reinforce the fact that his brother's life has also been cut short. I like the way he did this and I thought it was a good tribute to his late brother.In conclusion therefore "Mid-Term Break" by Seamus Heany is a poem which is structured very well and the poet uses, which I thought was excellent, word choice. He also created great imagery using words to convey his sadness. Another method he used to convey his great sadness was versification, which I thought, worked extremely well. In all I thought it was a very good poem from a great poet.

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Good prose is like a window pane. Orwell aimed to use simple, uncluttered prose so that readers could see through the systems and rhetoric to the truths he was presenting. Discuss.

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Animal Farm, the story which tells what happens when the animals on the farm drive out Mr Jones and attempt to run the farm themselves, was written by George Orwell at a time when there was much political discourse and uncertainty in Britain due to their ties with the Soviet Union. Orwell had a strong sense of right and wrong, and for this reason he became a sharp critic of both communism and socialism, and instead an advocate of freedom from oppression. Thus, Orwell's principal reason for writing Animal Farm was because, as he put it afterwards, "there was some lie I wanted to expose, some fact to which I wanted to draw attention". But his "initial concern was to get a hearing", to have his story heard. In order to ensure his ideas were presented successfully to his readers, Orwell used many means of conveying them effectively, through his use of language, the perspective of the narrative of Animal Farm, and also through the idea of this tale being a fictional "fairy story". All these things came together to produce for readers quite a clear picture of his beliefs and opinions at that point in time, and did so in such a way that was also able to be published.Orwell's use of language and the way he strings words together is probably the most effective of his mediums for communication. For example, in chapter three, the narrative tells us "It was also found that the stupider animals such as the sheep, hens and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart". As shown in this excerpt, he uses words in the narrative and when most of the animals speak that are simple in order to make his story easily understood, and for this reason the story he presents is effective and doesn't appear to be the propaganda he confesses it is. Whereas the language he uses when the pigs speak is much more formal, uses larger words, and is much more colored and extravagant. This is made evident when Napoleon states, "A bird's wing is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation", also in chapter three. As demonstrated by these two examples, it is quite evident that Orwell had a strong sense of who his characters were and what sorts of personalities they each had, and this was reflected in the different styles in which he wrote the dialogue of each.The story is told from the point of view of the common animals of Animal Farm, although it refers to them in the third person plural as "they". This, coupled with the fact that Orwell does not appear conspicuously as either a narrator or major character, has the effect of him appearing to merely be an observer commenting on what he sees. This gives readers the impression that the "anonymous narrator" of the story has no individual opinions or biases which may effect the story being told, which in turn makes the sorts of ideas Orwell is presenting clearer to readers, but in such a way that they aren't really aware of being presented with someone else's viewpoint and criticisms of political issues.The concept of Animal Farm being called a "fairy story" by Orwell also had great significance at the time of writing. This is because, although Orwell wanted to write about the quite serious themes of the corruption of ideals in totalitarian regimes, the dangers of a naïve and ignorant working class, society's tendency towards a social hierarchy, and the nature of propaganda and its importance in the abuse of power, he also wanted to get his story published and read. Consequently, he needed to disguise his opinions and the criticism of the Russian Revolution he was making. He did this by writing his views in the form of a "fairy story", a tale that uses a narrative on one level to present a moral and view of the world on another level, and by doing this he was able to devise both a form of writing and a form of politics which was then allowed to be published and circulated to a greater audience. And it is obvious that Orwell's idea of writing an allegory instead of a factual story to present his views was quite an effective means of allowing many to read his writing and to be able to appreciate and take on board the views he was presenting without him appearing to be preaching to them.

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In conclusion, I have found that I very much agree with Orwell's statement "good prose is like a window pane." I believe Orwell saw his writing as being a vehicle through which to communicate his political beliefs at the time, and I agree with the view that he aimed to write in clear, uncluttered prose so that people could see through the structure and rhetoric to the truth that he was writing. I am of the belief that he was extremely successful in achieving this aim, and doing so in such a way that both captivated his audience and stirred in them emotions they may not have been expecting to feel.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL DISTRESS ANDTHE STOCKHOLDER-BONDHOLDER CONFLICT

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AbstractThis study documents the extent of the different forms of restructuring undertaken by financially distressed firms before a Chapter 11 filing. The study focuses on the following question Does financial distress cause agency problems?, which is based on the analysis of financial statement ratios. Further analysis shows that the success or failure of financial restructuring before bankruptcy is a function of the assets. Due to time limitations, and considering the complexity of the ZETA model, this study is based in the Altman (188) considerations.The relationship between financial distress and the stockholder-bondholder conflictIntroduction

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Financing policy by firms requires managers to identify ways of funding new investment. The managers may exercise three main choices use retained earnings, borrow through debt instruments, or issue new shares. Thus, financing policy, capital structure and firm ownership are all strongly linked in explaining how economic agents form and modify their asset-acquisition behavior through firms and capital markets, and thereby influence their incomes and returns to asset holdings, whether in the form of direct remuneration, capital gains or dividends (Prasad, Green and Murinde, 001). A particular firm wishes to finance projects in excess of the firm's internal resources. The firm has two options to issue equity or debt. If the firm issues equity, the shareholder's fractional interest within the firm decreases. This increases the incentives for a shareholder to undertake excessive perk consumption since the costs to the owner of such activities have been lowered as a result of a reduction in his fractional interest. Such costs include; i) the monitoring expenses of the principal (the equity holders); ii) the bonding expenses of the agent (the manager); and iii) the money value of the reduction in welfare experienced by the principal due to the divergence between the agent's decisions and those that maximize the welfare or the principal. In the presence of efficient markets, which incorporate expectations, external investors anticipate such actions by the shareholder of the firm (James, 1). Accordingly, the price of new equity is discounted to take into account the monitoring costs of external shareholders. Under these circumstances, the shareholder would prefer to finance new projects using debt rather than equity. Issuing debt to finance investment also incurs agency costs. These arise as a result of the conflict of interest between external lenders and the shareholder. The issue of debt increases the shareholder's incentive to invest in high-risk projects, which, if successful, offers high returns, which accrue exclusively to the shareholder but at the same time, increase the likelihood of failure. If the projects fail, the shareholder exposure is limited to the value of his equity holdings. Bondholders, on the other hand, do not share the profits of success, but will share in the costs of a bankruptcy they are incurring extra risk without additional expected returns. As the amount of debt increases, bondholders will demand a higher premium to compensate them for the increased probability of failure. Thus, the agency costs of debt include the opportunity costs caused by the impact of debt on the investment decisions of the firm; the monitoring and the bond expenditures by both the bondholders and the shareholder; and the costs associated with bankruptcy and reorganization (Hunsaker, 1).In this study, the relationship between the financial distress and shareholder-bondholder conflict are analyzed, by considering the assets restructuring as a way to reduce the financial distress.Literature ReviewAgency costs associated with equity are at a maximum when the shareholder share of equity is zero, and stockholder wholly owns the firm. These costs fall to zero as the shareholder equity share rises to 100%. Similarly, the agency costs of debt are at a maximum when all external funds are obtained from debt. As the level of debt falls, agency costs are reduced first, because the amount of wealth that can be reallocated away from bondholders falls; and second, since the fraction of equity held by the shareholder is being reduced, the shareholder share of any reallocation also falls.When a firm is close to bankruptcy, shareholders have no incentive to inject new capital into value-increasing projects since the returns of such a venture will accrue mainly to bondholders. The larger the debt level of the firm, the less the incentive to invest in value-increasing projects.The conflict between shareholders and managers takes several distinct forms. The first, (Jensen and Meckling, 176) is that managers prefer to have greater perquisite levels and lower effort levels, provided that they do not have to pay for these through lower wages or by a lower market value of their personal equity holdings. A second arises because managers may prefer short-term projects, which produce early results and enhance their reputation quickly, rather than more profitable long-term projects (Masulis, 188). Third, managers may prefer less risky investments and lower leverage to lessen the probability of bankruptcy (Hunsaker, 1). Fourth, managers will wish to minimize the likelihood of employment termination. As this increases with changes in corporate control, management may resist takeovers, irrespective of their effect on shareholder value (Garvey and Hanka, 1). Managers and shareholders may also disagree over a firm's operating decisions Harris and Raviv (10) observe the managers will typically wish to continue operating the firm even if liquidation is preferred by shareholders, managers may also prefer to invest all available funds even if shareholders want to be paid dividends (Stulz, 10).Various underlying factors have been identified within the literature on the conflict of interest between shareholders and bondholders (Smith and Warner, 17).i) Dividend payments Bonds are priced according to the level of dividends paid by the firm. In the limit, a firm could sell all its assets and pay a liquidating dividend to its shareholders with the bondholders being left with valueless claims.ii) Claim dilution Bonds are normally priced assuming that the firm will not carry any more leverage. If the firm does issue additional debt, then existing debt will fall in value if the newly issued debt has higher priority. Even if it does not, existing debt will fall in value if the risk of bankruptcy is perceived to have increased.iii) Asset substitution Bonds are priced in relation to the risk of the projects, which is being financed. Thus, lenders' claims are reduced if the firm substitutes projects that increase the firm's value. This transfers wealth from bondholders to shareholders.iv) Under-investment and mis-investment A firm in financial difficulties has an incentive to reject low-risk, low (positive) net present value projects whose benefits accrue mainly to bondholders, in favor of high-risk, high net present value projects, thus creating under-investment or misallocation of investment.To minimize these conflicts, firms with high growth opportunities should have higher leverage and use a greater amount of long-term debt than firms in more mature industries.A general view of financial distress is that it results from a mismatch between the currently available liquid assets of a firm and its current obligations under its "hard" financial contracts.The costs of financial distress will have important implications for the liquidity and leverage policies of a firm. In particular, when the costs of financial distress are high, the firm may maintain a larger fraction of its assets as liquid assets and/or be cautious in taking on debt (hard contracts). MethodologyThe financing contracts of a firm can be loosely categorized into hard and soft contracts. An example of a hard contract is a coupon debt contract, which specifies periodic payments by the firm to the bondholders. If these payments are not made on time, the firm is considered to be in violation of the contract and the claimholders can seek specified and unspecified legal recourses to enforce the contract. Common stock and preferred stock are examples of soft contracts. A firm is in financial distress at a given point in time when the liquid assets of the firm are not sufficient to meet the current liquidity requirements of its hard contracts.Since financial distress results from a mismatch between the currently available liquid assets and the current obligations of its "hard" financial contracts, mechanisms for coping with financial distress involve correcting the mismatch by either increasing the liquidity of the assets (through asset sales) or decreasing the "hardness" of the debt contracts (through debt renegotiation). As financial distress can be resolved through asset restructuring (asset sales or other liquidations) and/or financial restructuring (private or formal debt renegotiations), the costs of these different mechanisms of resolving distress will represent financial distress costs.Financial distress will be relatively more costly for firms whose assets are more intangible or firm specific. Replacement costs approximate what the firm's assets could be sold, and are positively correlated with the liquidation value of the asset. Firms with a higher market value/replacement costs ratio will have higher costs of asset liquidations.For several reasons, assets are more likely to be sold when debt is restructured in Chapter 11 rather than privately. First, automatic stay gives the debtor more power over the disposition of the firm's assets, by enjoining creditors from exercising their non-bankruptcy right to sue the firm and seize collateral. Second, since the debtor can undermine the value of lenders' collateral and grant new lenders super priority standing, fully secured lenders will in general prefer liquidation over reorganization. This may create additional pressure for asset sales in bankruptcy. Finally, purchasing assets from a financially distressed firm is less risky in Chapter 11, because asset sales are executed by a court order and are thus free from legal challenge. Therefore the hypotesys designed for the evaluation of this consideration are based on the assets of the company, the hypotesys areH0 Financial distress is resolved through assets restructuringHA Financial distress is not resolved through assets restructuringAnd the variables to consider in this analysis are Earnings Before Income Tax (EBIT), Net Working Capital (NWC), Sales (S), Market Value of Equity (MVE), Acummulated Retained Earnings (ARE), Total Assets (TA) and the Book Value of Debt (BVD).Statistical ModelAfter careful consideration of the nature of the problem and of the purpose of this analysis, the discriminant analysis (MDA) is chosen as the appropriate statistical technique. In recent years, this technique has become increasingly popular in the practical business world as well as in academia. Altman (181) discusses discriminant analysis in-depth and reviews several financial application areas. MDA is a statistical technique used to classify an observation into one of several a priori groupings dependent upon the observation's individual characteristics. It is used primarily to classify and/or make predictions in problems where the dependent variable appears in qualitative form, for example, male or female, bankrupt or non-bankrupt. Therefore, the first step is to establish explicit group classifications. The number of original groups can be two or more. Some analysts refer to discriminant analysis as "multiple" only when the number of groups exceeds two. The multiple concepts will refer to the multivariate nature of the analysis.After the groups are established, data are collected for the objects in the groups; MDA in its most simple form attempts to derive a linear combination of these characteristics which "best" discriminates between the groups. If a particular object, for instance, a corporation, has characteristics (financial ratios), which can be quantified for all of the companies in the analysis, the MDA determines a set of discriminant coefficients. When these coefficients are applied to the actual ratios, a basis for classification into one of the mutually exclusive groupings exists. The MDA technique has the advantage of considering an entire profile of characteristics common to the relevant firms, as well as the interaction of these properties.Another advantage of MDA is the reduction of the analyst's space dimensionally, that is, from the number of different independent variables to G-1 dimension(s), where G equals the number of original a priori groups. This analysis is concerned with two groups, consisting of bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms. Therefore, the analysis is transformed into its simplest form one dimension. The discriminant function, of the formZ=V1X1+VX+…+VnXn, transforms the individual variable values to a single discriminant score, or z value, which is then used to classify the object whereV1, V,….Vn=discriminant coefficients, and X1, X,…Xn=independent variables. The MDA computes the discriminant coefficient; V1 while the independent variables X1 are the actual values.When utilizing a comprehensive list of financial ratios in assessing a firm's bankruptcy potential, there is a reason to believe that some of the measurements will have a high degree of correlation or co linearity with each other. While this aspect is not serious in discriminant analysis, it usually motivates careful selection of the predictive variables (ratios). It also has the advantage of potentially yielding a model with a relatively small number of selected measurements, which convey a great deal of information. This information might very well indicate differences among groups, but whether or not these differences are significant and meaningful is a more important aspect of the analysis.Perhaps the primary advantage of MDA in dealing with classification problems is the potential of analyzing the entire variable profile of the object simultaneously rather than sequentially examining its individual characteristics. Just as linear and integer programming have improved upon traditional techniques in capital budgeting, the MDA approach to traditional ratio analysis has the potential to reformulate the problem correctly. Specifically, combinations of ratios can be analyzed together in order to remove possible ambiguities and misclassifications observed in earlier traditional ratio studies.As seen, the Z-score model is a linear analysis in that at least five measures are objectively weighted and summed up to arrive at an overall score that then becomes the basis for classification of firms into one of the a priori groupings (distressed and nondistressed).A frequent argument is that financial ratios, by their very nature, have the effect of deflating statistics by size, and that therefore a good deal of the size effect is eliminated. The Z-Score model (ZETA), discussed below, appears to be sufficiently robust to accommodate large firms. The ZETA model did include larger sized distressed firms and is unquestionably relevant to both small and large firms.The variables are classified into five standard ratio categories, including liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and activity. Five variables are selected as doing the best overall job together in the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The final discriminant function is as follows Z = . X1 + 1. X + 1.0 X + 0.6 X4 + 1.4 X5WhereX1 = Earnings Before Income Tax / Total Assets,X = Net working Capital / Total Assets,X = Sales / Total Assets,X4 = Market Value of Equity / Book Value of Debt,X5 = Accumulated Retained Earnings / Total Assets Z = Overall IndexX1, Earnings Before Interest and Taxes / Total Assets/ (EBIT/TA), this ratio is a measure of the true productivity of the firm's assets, independent of any tax or leverage factors. X, Net Working Capital / Total Assets (NWC/TA), is a measure of the net liquid assets of the firm relative to the total capitalization.X, Sales / Total Assets (S/TA), is a measure of management's capacity in dealing with competitive conditions.X4, Market Value of Equity / Book Value of Debt (MVE/BVD), the measure shows how much the firm's assets can decline in value (measured by market value of equity plus debt) before the liabilities exceed the assets and the firm becomes insolvent.X5, Accumulated Retained Earnings / Total Assets (ARE/TA), retained earnings is the account, which reports the total amount of reinvested earnings and/or losses of a firm over its entire life.Considering the data evaluated by Altman, the following values of Z were obtained to make the final observations about the effectiveness of using the assets in restructuring the debt of the company

Z 1. predicts bankruptcy1. Z .0 indicates caution in financial status

Z .0 indicates effective restructuringDue to time limitations, and considering the complexity of the ZETA model, this study is based in the Altman (188) considerations.To rebuild this study, future investigators must base the analysis in data found at F&S Index of corporate Change, which list companies that filled a Chapter 11 Bankruptcy petition, trhe Wall Street Journal Index, COMPUSTAT and Estandar & Poor Register of Corporations.

ConclusionThis study documents the extent of the different forms of restructuring undertaken by financially distressed firms before a Chapter 11 filing. We find that asset plays significant roles before bankruptcy. Altman (000), analysis shows that the success or failure of financial restructuring before bankruptcy is a function. The high failure rate suggests that the holdout problem among creditor groups is severe. We find that the size of private loans relative to long-term debt is an important factor in determining whether the firm financially restructures during the pre-filing period. Our empirical evidence also suggests that, by granting super priority status to new lenders of bankrupt firms, Chapter 11 allows the firm to get an infusion of much needed liquidity. ReferencesAltman, E. (000) "Predicting Financial Distress of Companies Revisiting the Z-score and Zeta Models.Garvey, G.T. and Hanka, G. (1), "Capital Structure and Corporate Control The Effect of Antitakeover Statutes on Firm Leverage", Journal of Finance, Vol. 54, No. , p.51-46.Harris, M. and Raviv, A. (10), "Capital Structure and the Informational Role of Debt," Journal of Finance, Vol. 45, pp. 1-4.Hunsaker, J. (1), "The Role of Debt and Bankruptcy Statutes in Facilitating Tacit Collusion", Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 0, No. 1, pp. -4.Jensen, M.C. and Meckling, W.H. (176), "Theory of the Firm Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure", Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. , pp. 05-60.Masulis, R.W. (188), The Debt/Equity Choice, Cambridge Ballinger, Massachusetts.Prasad, S., Green, C.J., and Murinde, V. (001), "Company Financing, Capital Structure and Ownership A survey, and implications for developing economies".Ross, S.A., Westerfield, R.W. and Jaffe, J (00), Corporate Finance, 6th edition, New York, McGraw-Hill.Please note that this sample paper on THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL DISTRESS ANDTHE STOCKHOLDER-BONDHOLDER CONFLICT is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL DISTRESS ANDTHE STOCKHOLDER-BONDHOLDER CONFLICT, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL DISTRESS ANDTHE STOCKHOLDER-BONDHOLDER CONFLICT will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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