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͖ -es wash, mix, go
Help with essay on present tenses
͖ -fly flies; stay stays USE1) to denote truths· habitual a frequency adverb is often used-he smokes 40 cigarettes a day.-he usually takes the bus to work.· general, recurrent
-English people drink a lot of tea.· mathematical, scientific, geographical
-water boils at 100 degrees.
-the river Po flows into the Adriatic Sea.· permanent actions
-I live in Milan - vs - I'm living in Milan (now-temporary)) to give instructions / directions
-first you take eggs and then you mix them with…) in narrative to describe summarised events· journalism
-"Bush addresses Congress"· plot summaries film, book, historical table
-In Chapter 1 Susan meets Greg and…
-178. The French revolution begins.4) timetable future per orari di partenza/arrivo mezzi di trasporto; inizio/fine spettacoli…
-the train leaves at o'clock.
-he takes the 1st train tomorrow.5) suggerimenti, inviti alla forma negativa
-WHY DON'T YOU…?6) WHAT DO YOU DO?͖What's your job?7) with "state" verbs· percezione involontaria hear, see, smell, seem, appear, taste· volontà want, need, prefer,wish· sentimento love, like, dislike, hate· possesso have (got), belong, own, possess· cost, be, depend, matter, exist, weigh = pesare, contain, include· believe, know, suppose, think, understand.N.B. Some of these verbs can be used in continuous forms with a change of meaningØ I'm having breakfast. (=eat)Ø I'm tasting the soup to check if it needs more salt. (=sample)Ø I'm thinking of buying a new car (=consider)Present ContinuousFORM ie͖y lie/lying
c͖ck mimic/mimicking
run͖runningUSE1) a temporary action - now -; a continuous action already begun not yet complete
-he's studying.) a temporary action begun recently, continuing, but not expected to be permanent
-I'm living in Milan.) temporary habit not necessarily taking place at the moment
-I'm studying Japanese.4) a regrettable habit ("ALWAYS")
-he's always losing his keys!5) to describe a photo6) azione programmata per il futuro (appointment, arranfement already made)
-I'm seeing the doctor tomorrow morning.
-how long are you staying in Rome?7) formal (letters)Ø I am LOOKING FORWARD TO + ing da ora in poi, verso il futuroI have been looking forward to meeting her fine- nn vedevo l'ora…Ø TO BE HOPING TO + ingPAST TENSESSimple pastFORM cooked worried slipped mimickedUSE1) single finished action with clear time marker
-I played tennis yesterday
-I left my shopping bag on the train (= a definite place suggests a definite time)- N.B.I was born on 11th August,18.- ) past habits/states ( a time expression is usually necessary )
-I always got up early in those days.
-I rode a horse when I was young.
-I lived in Paris FOR several years before movin to London---not any longerN.B. USED TO past habit vs present
-I used to drink tea when I was young but now I prefer coffee./didn't use- did
you use to?/
WOULD past habit (usually in writing) but not in contrast with the present
-I would always make my mum a cup of tea after lunch.Present Perfect1) recent event without a definite time (sottointeso just)
-I have read the instructions but I don't understand them.N.B.- I bought a new bracelet l'attenzione è sull' azione
-When/where did you buy it? l'attenzione è sul luogo, tempo in cui l' azione, ormai
conclusa, è avvenuta.) event whose result is evident in the present
-I've broken my arm, as you can see.
-I've washed the car (=now it's cleaned)) past action with present relevance
-I've studied French (=so I can translate this passage)
-I've seen the film (=so I can tell you about it)
-INTERVIEW-RELEVANT EXPERIENCEWhy are you suitable for this job? Because I
have studied/I have worked…4) action begun in the past incomplete - it still goes on FOR SINCE
-I have lived in Milan for since…5) with ADVERBS of FREQUENCY· always often generally usually sometimes rarely/seldom hardly ever(-) never (-) ever (?)· still just already yet (-) almost recently
-I've just finished it. Ma-I've finished it recentlty-yet(-)
-I still have seen her.6) time span not yet over· this morning / afternoon / week / century…
-I've seen her this morning (she's probably still here)vs I aw her earlier (she could be
anywhere now)· so far/up to now (the job hasn't been too tiring)· all day· in my life· in the last few days / weeks· in this century· N.B.It's the 1st time…7) I HAVE BEEN to Bath times this week(=sono già tornato) I HAVE GONE to Bath today. I'm coming back at 6(=sono ancora a B.)8) with a future meaning following WHEN AFTER AS SOON AS (FUT. ANTER)
-I' ll come when I have finished.Present Perfect Continuous Past Perf Cont-USE 1) emphasises the length of time of an action. The action is NOT COMPLETED still goes on or recently finished. -I've been baking biscuits ALL AFTERNOON. -(So far) I've backed 50 biscuits altogether.(= giving the number of actions suggests
completion) -I've lived in this house FOR 5 years = I've been living in this house FOR 5 years.MAPRES.PERF.CONT con How long, sit, lie, wait, stay) explanation of a present situation - no…perchè… - -I won't shake hands, I've been gardening. -I've been digging the garden. That's why I'm so dirty! -Why are you so tired? I haven't been sleeping very well (=E' un pò di tempo che…)) explanation of a period of time just finishing -I'm sorry I'm late. I've been talking to my boss. -Where have you been? I've been waiting for ages. -They have been promising a new metro line for years but although they have been
talking and talking nothing has been done / they haven' t done anything.4)I' VE BEEN LOOKING FORWARD TO + ING I' VE BEEN MEANING/INTENDING TO VISIT for ages but I'm very busy implies that the action has not been done.
Past Continuous1) past action in progress (also descriptions); often contrasted with a sudden event in the Simple Past (=contemporary)
-Henry was in his bedroom. He was reading a book.
-When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone.
-While I was studying, the phone rang.) un' azione programmata per il futuro in relazione a un momento passato
-He said he was going to work by car the following day.) past annoying habit ("ALWAYS")
-John was always ringing me up!4) Polite I WAS WONDERING IF you could help me!
I WAS HOPING you might help me find the answer. Uncertainty I WAS THINKING OF HAVING a party next week.5) an action in the past that continued over a specified period of time ----//////---now
-I was watching TV all day.
-I was studying between p.m. and 7 p.m..6) demanding an account of an activity - not permitted -
-What were you doing in my room? I was looking for a book.7) abandoned idea / proposal
-I was hoping to…
-I was planning to go there but…Past Perfect1) past before pastØ before the time considered -She had gone to bed BEFORE MIDNIGHT.Ø Before another action always belonging to the past -When she had finished her work, she relaxed.) with frequency adverbs) as soon as it was the first time if I had studied… I wish I had known… THE FUTUREWill1) predictions (vs to be going to dove vedi la causa) -Computer will never replace teachers. -Don't worry, it won't rain tomorrow! -PROBABLY / PERHAPS it will become dirtier if nothing will be done.) dopo verbi di opinione, supposizione, certezza, speranza (think, suppose, be sure, hope…) -I hope you'll come in time for the performance.) spontaneous, unplanned decision (decisione presa al momento e non programmata vs to be going to) -It's raining! I'll take my umbrella. -the phone is ringing. I'll go and answer!4) azioni future non dipendenti dalla volontà di nessuno -I'll be 18 in July. -Will there be many people at the lecture?5) nelle dubitative / interrogative indirette -I don't doubt that she'll pass the exam. -I don't know if he'll come.6) offerta, promessa, minaccia, richiesta7) deduction -Is that the phone? It'll be (=MUST BE) Andrew.Timetable Future (pres + time marker)-The bus leaves at .Diary Future (pres.cont + time marker)1) a plan, an appointment already fixed nel vicino futuro -I'm going to the doctor tomorrow. -I'm leaving for France tonight.) to ask about social arrangements -Ware you doing anything tonight?To Be Going To Future of Intention1) l' intenzione di compiere un' azione -What are you going to do after your diploma? -I'm going to fix the TV tomorrow.) un' azione imminente che ci si aspetta che avvenga o che sta per avvenire (prediction but we can see the cause of the event) -It's cloudy It's going to rain again!Future Continuous1) un'azione in corso nel momento futuro in considerazione -At this time tomorrow I'll be travelling to London.) un'azione futura che rientra nel normale corso degli eventi - as usual…- - As usual, I'll be meeting my relatives next Sunday.Future Perfect
1) un'azione futura che sarà già finita nel momento futuro considerato (BY; BY+PRECISE TIME OR DATE, BY THEN, BY THAT TIME…)- I'll have finished by 5 tomorrow.Future Perfect Continuous1) to express a predicted duration of a future action -At this time tomorrow I'll have been travelling FOR 4 hours.FUTURO nelle SUBORDINATEIF, UNLESS, WHEN, AS SOON AS, AS LONG AS, TILL1) FUTURO SEMPLICE + Pres - I won't be there when you come back.) FUTURO ANTERIORE +Pres.Perfect- As soon as you have finished, we'll go out.FUTURE in the PAST = CONDIZIONALE PRESENTE
-he said that he would never marry Jane.-the sky was blue, the sea was calm. It would certainly be a pleasant crossing.CONDITIONALS1) 0 Conditional always true; if = when(ever) -If I drink coffee in the evening, I don't sleep. -When there was snow, we went skiing.REMEMBER If she's still having a shower/If she's still here/If she hasn' t finished, she won't go away.) 1st Conditionals realistic / logical possibility - If I study, I'll / can do well my exam. -If it rains, we'll take an umbrella.) nd Conditional hypothetical (dreams, advice) - If I were you, I'd tell her the truth. -If he asked me nicely, I might/could give it to him. = vague possibility4) rd Conditional unreal/hypothetical past situation regret - If my brother had studied more, he would/might have become famous. -If only I had studied more I'd have done better (=regret) THE PASSIVEFORM the appropriate form of the verb "to be"+ past participle del verbo transitivo - ma non di I like-love pizza TEMPO FORMA ATTIVA FORMA PASSIVASimple present makes is madePresent continuous is making is being madeSimple past made was madePast continuous was making was being madePresent perfect has made has been madePast perfect had made had been madeSimple future will make will be madeFuture perfect will have made will have been madeGoing-to form is going to make is going to be madePresent conditional would make would be madePerfect conditional would have made would have been madePresent infinitive to make to be madePerfect infinitive to have made to have been madePresent participle-gerund making being madePerfect participle having made having been madeUSE 1) when the action is more important than the agent. The agent is actually -unknown my bike has been stolen. -obvious Mr Jones was arrested.) processes, routines (series of actions) -How is wine made? The grapes are gathered in the fields… -How does the Royal Mail work? First a letter is written…) divieti, istruzioni -smocking is not allowed here. -students are asked not to smoke.4) reporting current events/crime/historical events -the presidential election in the USA has been won by Bush.
NOTA BENE1) in colloquial English "to be" is often replaced by "to get" -My car got broken into again yesterday.) make (=to force) and ask require "to" -They made David work hard---David was made to work hard.) "let" becomes "allow"
4) HAVE STH DONEØ per servizi resi da terzi I had new tiles put on the roof.Ø Misfortunes happened to us caused by an unspecified person Peter had his car stolen last year.5) NEEDS DOING per indicare una persona o cosa che necessita di un servizio -The floor is dirty. It needs scrubbing.6) passivo dei verbi con doppio accusativo to bring, to give, to lend, to offer, to promise, to send, to tell - the director will offer him the role of Othello. He will be offered the role of Othello. - They didn't tell Laura the truth. Laura wasn't told the truth.7) il si passivante, per evitare THEY / PEOPLE, con verbi quail SAY, BELIEVE, UNDERSTAND. (=nell' attivo con lo stesso tempo tra princ. e subord.) -People say he is in debt. It is said to be in debt.
WISHES / REGRETS-I want / would like / would have liked to go I want /would like you to go -I prefer to go to the cinema than watch/instead of watching /to watching TV. I prefer you to go…Altri modi per rendere il condizionale - pres e pass di prefer· I'd rather (not) go --------- I'd rather have gone· I'd rather you went-------- I'd rather you had gone · I'd sooner you went-------- I'd sooner you had gone -You'd better (not)go=should=faresti meglio a -It's (high) time you went. -If only I hadn't broken it.= regret -Suppose / Imagine you were rich, what would you do? -Desideri realizzabili I hope to see you/I hope you won't be late
VS
WISHPRESENTE· I wish I had a new car-I wish I were rich.· I wish it wasn't snowing.
N.B. ANNOYING HABIT or A SPECIFIC ACTION YOU WOULD LIKE TO HAPPEN· I wish you wouldn't chew gum all the time.· I wish the police would do sth about these people.FUTURO· I wish I could do that tomorrow.· I wish I didn't have to get up early tomorrow.PASSATO· I wish I had listened to her-I wish it hadn't been snowing on my wedding day.
N.B. ANNOYING HABIT or A SPECIFIC ACTION YOU WOULD HAVE LIKED TO HAPPEN· I wish you wouldn't have talked all the time.Verbi che reggono ingCon preposizioneto apologise for scusarsi perto be afraid of aver paura dito be keen on essere appassionato dito be used to essere abituato ato get used to abituarsi ato be tired of essere stanco dito feel like essere disposto a-aver voglia dito give up smettere dito insist on insistere dito think of pensare dito thank s.o. for ringraziare qlc perto burst out scoppiare ato avoid Evitare dito admit he admits being wrong he admits that he's wrong Ammettere dito be busy essere occupato ato deny negare dito consider considerare dito practise esercitarsi ato enjoy divertirsi ato miss avere la mancanza dito imagine immaginare dito keep (on) continuare ato help aiutare ato mind dispiacere/avere qlc in contrarioto resist resistere ato risk rischiare ato suggest he suggested going he suggested that we went suggerire diEspressioni come…can't waste time non poter sprecare tempo acan't bear/stand non sopportarecan't help (MAcan't do without sth) non potere fare a meno diit's no use-no good è inutile-non serveit's ( is not ) worth (non) valere la penaN.B. Se il soggetto è diverso dalla principale͖V + AGG.POSS o GENITIVO o COMPL PERS + ing-I can't stand his/Paul's/him snoring.VERB +ING +TOhate like dislike love - prefer azione abituale-I love cooking. azione occasionale-What would you like to go?forget remember past event-I don't remember learning walk future event-obligation-Remember to do it!try suggestion-Try taking an aspirine,you'll be better. try and fail-I tried to warn him (but…)go on continue-she went on working even though it was late. aggiungere col diremean comportare,significare-leaving tomorrow will mean getting up early. avere l' intenzione-I meant to phone you but i forgot.stop give up-I stopped smoking. smettere per fare qualcos'altro-I stopped to buy some coffee.to be sorry (for se ing)/ regret azione passata-I regret not phoning you but I was late about what's going to be said-I regret to tell you that you have failedVerbi con infinito + tocan't afford non potersi permettereagree appear apparirearrange ask chiedere dichoose scegliere didecide decidere difail hope prepare prepararsi apromise promettere dimanage seem sembrarerefuse rifiutare diwait aspettare dithreaten minacciare diPrepositional Phrasesvote for votare perask for sth chiedere per avere qlcblame s.o. for incolpare qlc diwarn s.o. of sth avvisare qlc di qlcremind s.o. to do sth ricordare a qlc di fare qlcinsist on insistere arely on contare suapologise to s.o. for sth scusarsi con qlc di qlcgood at bravo inIt is good/kind of you to do sth è gentile da parte tua fare qlcParticiples1) as adjectives -I'm a boring person----the stolen wallet (=passive meaning)) participles clause dopo AFTER e BECOUSE; per sostituire clauses con when e le relative -Driving home i listened to… -Having arrived home late,he went out for supper pres.perf.participle -se 1 azione è finita prima
di un'altra.PRESENT TENSESPresent SimpleFORM rd person sing͖ -s
͖ -es wash, mix, go
͖ -fly flies; stay stays USE1) to denote truths· habitual a frequency adverb is often used-he smokes 40 cigarettes a day.-he usually takes the bus to work.· general, recurrent
-English people drink a lot of tea.· mathematical, scientific, geographical
-water boils at 100 degrees.
-the river Po flows into the Adriatic Sea.· permanent actions
-I live in Milan - vs - I'm living in Milan (now-temporary)) to give instructions / directions
-first you take eggs and then you mix them with…) in narrative to describe summarised events· journalism
-"Bush addresses Congress"· plot summaries film, book, historical table
-In Chapter 1 Susan meets Greg and…
-178. The French revolution begins.4) timetable future per orari di partenza/arrivo mezzi di trasporto; inizio/fine spettacoli…
-the train leaves at o'clock.
-he takes the 1st train tomorrow.5) suggerimenti, inviti alla forma negativa
-WHY DON'T YOU…?6) WHAT DO YOU DO?͖What's your job?7) with "state" verbs· percezione involontaria hear, see, smell, seem, appear, taste· volontà want, need, prefer,wish· sentimento love, like, dislike, hate· possesso have (got), belong, own, possess· cost, be, depend, matter, exist, weigh = pesare, contain, include· believe, know, suppose, think, understand.N.B. Some of these verbs can be used in continuous forms with a change of meaningØ I'm having breakfast. (=eat)Ø I'm tasting the soup to check if it needs more salt. (=sample)Ø I'm thinking of buying a new car (=consider)Present ContinuousFORM ie͖y lie/lying
c͖ck mimic/mimicking
run͖runningUSE1) a temporary action - now -; a continuous action already begun not yet complete
-he's studying.) a temporary action begun recently, continuing, but not expected to be permanent
-I'm living in Milan.) temporary habit not necessarily taking place at the moment
-I'm studying Japanese.4) a regrettable habit ("ALWAYS")
-he's always losing his keys!5) to describe a photo6) azione programmata per il futuro (appointment, arranfement already made)
-I'm seeing the doctor tomorrow morning.
-how long are you staying in Rome?7) formal (letters)Ø I am LOOKING FORWARD TO + ing da ora in poi, verso il futuroI have been looking forward to meeting her fine- nn vedevo l'ora…Ø TO BE HOPING TO + ingPAST TENSESSimple pastFORM cooked worried slipped mimickedUSE1) single finished action with clear time marker
-I played tennis yesterday
-I left my shopping bag on the train (= a definite place suggests a definite time)- N.B.I was born on 11th August,18.- ) past habits/states ( a time expression is usually necessary )
-I always got up early in those days.
-I rode a horse when I was young.
-I lived in Paris FOR several years before movin to London---not any longerN.B. USED TO past habit vs present
-I used to drink tea when I was young but now I prefer coffee./didn't use- did
you use to?/
WOULD past habit (usually in writing) but not in contrast with the present
-I would always make my mum a cup of tea after lunch.Present Perfect1) recent event without a definite time (sottointeso just)
-I have read the instructions but I don't understand them.N.B.- I bought a new bracelet l'attenzione è sull' azione
-When/where did you buy it? l'attenzione è sul luogo, tempo in cui l' azione, ormai
conclusa, è avvenuta.) event whose result is evident in the present
-I've broken my arm, as you can see.
-I've washed the car (=now it's cleaned)) past action with present relevance
-I've studied French (=so I can translate this passage)
-I've seen the film (=so I can tell you about it)
-INTERVIEW-RELEVANT EXPERIENCEWhy are you suitable for this job? Because I
have studied/I have worked…4) action begun in the past incomplete - it still goes on FOR SINCE
-I have lived in Milan for since…5) with ADVERBS of FREQUENCY· always often generally usually sometimes rarely/seldom hardly ever(-) never (-) ever (?)· still just already yet (-) almost recently
-I've just finished it. Ma-I've finished it recentlty-yet(-)
-I still have seen her.6) time span not yet over· this morning / afternoon / week / century…
-I've seen her this morning (she's probably still here)vs I aw her earlier (she could be
anywhere now)· so far/up to now (the job hasn't been too tiring)· all day· in my life· in the last few days / weeks· in this century· N.B.It's the 1st time…7) I HAVE BEEN to Bath times this week(=sono già tornato) I HAVE GONE to Bath today. I'm coming back at 6(=sono ancora a B.)8) with a future meaning following WHEN AFTER AS SOON AS (FUT. ANTER)
-I' ll come when I have finished.Present Perfect Continuous Past Perf Cont-USE 1) emphasises the length of time of an action. The action is NOT COMPLETED still goes on or recently finished. -I've been baking biscuits ALL AFTERNOON. -(So far) I've backed 50 biscuits altogether.(= giving the number of actions suggests
completion) -I've lived in this house FOR 5 years = I've been living in this house FOR 5 years.MAPRES.PERF.CONT con How long, sit, lie, wait, stay) explanation of a present situation - no…perchè… - -I won't shake hands, I've been gardening. -I've been digging the garden. That's why I'm so dirty! -Why are you so tired? I haven't been sleeping very well (=E' un pò di tempo che…)) explanation of a period of time just finishing -I'm sorry I'm late. I've been talking to my boss. -Where have you been? I've been waiting for ages. -They have been promising a new metro line for years but although they have been
talking and talking nothing has been done / they haven' t done anything.4)I' VE BEEN LOOKING FORWARD TO + ING I' VE BEEN MEANING/INTENDING TO VISIT for ages but I'm very busy implies that the action has not been done.
Past Continuous1) past action in progress (also descriptions); often contrasted with a sudden event in the Simple Past (=contemporary)
-Henry was in his bedroom. He was reading a book.
-When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone.
-While I was studying, the phone rang.) un' azione programmata per il futuro in relazione a un momento passato
-He said he was going to work by car the following day.) past annoying habit ("ALWAYS")
-John was always ringing me up!4) Polite I WAS WONDERING IF you could help me!
I WAS HOPING you might help me find the answer. Uncertainty I WAS THINKING OF HAVING a party next week.5) an action in the past that continued over a specified period of time ----//////---now
-I was watching TV all day.
-I was studying between p.m. and 7 p.m..6) demanding an account of an activity - not permitted -
-What were you doing in my room? I was looking for a book.7) abandoned idea / proposal
-I was hoping to…
-I was planning to go there but…Past Perfect1) past before pastØ before the time considered -She had gone to bed BEFORE MIDNIGHT.Ø Before another action always belonging to the past -When she had finished her work, she relaxed.) with frequency adverbs) as soon as it was the first time if I had studied… I wish I had known… THE FUTUREWill1) predictions (vs to be going to dove vedi la causa) -Computer will never replace teachers. -Don't worry, it won't rain tomorrow! -PROBABLY / PERHAPS it will become dirtier if nothing will be done.) dopo verbi di opinione, supposizione, certezza, speranza (think, suppose, be sure, hope…) -I hope you'll come in time for the performance.) spontaneous, unplanned decision (decisione presa al momento e non programmata vs to be going to) -It's raining! I'll take my umbrella. -the phone is ringing. I'll go and answer!4) azioni future non dipendenti dalla volontà di nessuno -I'll be 18 in July. -Will there be many people at the lecture?5) nelle dubitative / interrogative indirette -I don't doubt that she'll pass the exam. -I don't know if he'll come.6) offerta, promessa, minaccia, richiesta7) deduction -Is that the phone? It'll be (=MUST BE) Andrew.Timetable Future (pres + time marker)-The bus leaves at .Diary Future (pres.cont + time marker)1) a plan, an appointment already fixed nel vicino futuro -I'm going to the doctor tomorrow. -I'm leaving for France tonight.) to ask about social arrangements -Ware you doing anything tonight?To Be Going To Future of Intention1) l' intenzione di compiere un' azione -What are you going to do after your diploma? -I'm going to fix the TV tomorrow.) un' azione imminente che ci si aspetta che avvenga o che sta per avvenire (prediction but we can see the cause of the event) -It's cloudy It's going to rain again!Future Continuous1) un'azione in corso nel momento futuro in considerazione -At this time tomorrow I'll be travelling to London.) un'azione futura che rientra nel normale corso degli eventi - as usual…- - As usual, I'll be meeting my relatives next Sunday.Future Perfect
1) un'azione futura che sarà già finita nel momento futuro considerato (BY; BY+PRECISE TIME OR DATE, BY THEN, BY THAT TIME…)- I'll have finished by 5 tomorrow.Future Perfect Continuous1) to express a predicted duration of a future action -At this time tomorrow I'll have been travelling FOR 4 hours.FUTURO nelle SUBORDINATEIF, UNLESS, WHEN, AS SOON AS, AS LONG AS, TILL1) FUTURO SEMPLICE + Pres - I won't be there when you come back.) FUTURO ANTERIORE +Pres.Perfect- As soon as you have finished, we'll go out.FUTURE in the PAST = CONDIZIONALE PRESENTE
-he said that he would never marry Jane.-the sky was blue, the sea was calm. It would certainly be a pleasant crossing.CONDITIONALS1) 0 Conditional always true; if = when(ever) -If I drink coffee in the evening, I don't sleep. -When there was snow, we went skiing.REMEMBER If she's still having a shower/If she's still here/If she hasn' t finished, she won't go away.) 1st Conditionals realistic / logical possibility - If I study, I'll / can do well my exam. -If it rains, we'll take an umbrella.) nd Conditional hypothetical (dreams, advice) - If I were you, I'd tell her the truth. -If he asked me nicely, I might/could give it to him. = vague possibility4) rd Conditional unreal/hypothetical past situation regret - If my brother had studied more, he would/might have become famous. -If only I had studied more I'd have done better (=regret) THE PASSIVEFORM the appropriate form of the verb "to be"+ past participle del verbo transitivo - ma non di I like-love pizza TEMPO FORMA ATTIVA FORMA PASSIVASimple present makes is madePresent continuous is making is being madeSimple past made was madePast continuous was making was being madePresent perfect has made has been madePast perfect had made had been madeSimple future will make will be madeFuture perfect will have made will have been madeGoing-to form is going to make is going to be madePresent conditional would make would be madePerfect conditional would have made would have been madePresent infinitive to make to be madePerfect infinitive to have made to have been madePresent participle-gerund making being madePerfect participle having made having been madeUSE 1) when the action is more important than the agent. The agent is actually -unknown my bike has been stolen. -obvious Mr Jones was arrested.) processes, routines (series of actions) -How is wine made? The grapes are gathered in the fields… -How does the Royal Mail work? First a letter is written…) divieti, istruzioni -smocking is not allowed here. -students are asked not to smoke.4) reporting current events/crime/historical events -the presidential election in the USA has been won by Bush.
NOTA BENE1) in colloquial English "to be" is often replaced by "to get" -My car got broken into again yesterday.) make (=to force) and ask require "to" -They made David work hard---David was made to work hard.) "let" becomes "allow"
4) HAVE STH DONEØ per servizi resi da terzi I had new tiles put on the roof.Ø Misfortunes happened to us caused by an unspecified person Peter had his car stolen last year.5) NEEDS DOING per indicare una persona o cosa che necessita di un servizio -The floor is dirty. It needs scrubbing.6) passivo dei verbi con doppio accusativo to bring, to give, to lend, to offer, to promise, to send, to tell - the director will offer him the role of Othello. He will be offered the role of Othello. - They didn't tell Laura the truth. Laura wasn't told the truth.7) il si passivante, per evitare THEY / PEOPLE, con verbi quail SAY, BELIEVE, UNDERSTAND. (=nell' attivo con lo stesso tempo tra princ. e subord.) -People say he is in debt. It is said to be in debt.
WISHES / REGRETS-I want / would like / would have liked to go I want /would like you to go -I prefer to go to the cinema than watch/instead of watching /to watching TV. I prefer you to go…Altri modi per rendere il condizionale - pres e pass di prefer· I'd rather (not) go --------- I'd rather have gone· I'd rather you went-------- I'd rather you had gone · I'd sooner you went-------- I'd sooner you had gone -You'd better (not)go=should=faresti meglio a -It's (high) time you went. -If only I hadn't broken it.= regret -Suppose / Imagine you were rich, what would you do? -Desideri realizzabili I hope to see you/I hope you won't be late
VS
WISHPRESENTE· I wish I had a new car-I wish I were rich.· I wish it wasn't snowing.
N.B. ANNOYING HABIT or A SPECIFIC ACTION YOU WOULD LIKE TO HAPPEN· I wish you wouldn't chew gum all the time.· I wish the police would do sth about these people.FUTURO· I wish I could do that tomorrow.· I wish I didn't have to get up early tomorrow.PASSATO· I wish I had listened to her-I wish it hadn't been snowing on my wedding day.
N.B. ANNOYING HABIT or A SPECIFIC ACTION YOU WOULD HAVE LIKED TO HAPPEN· I wish you wouldn't have talked all the time.Verbi che reggono ingCon preposizioneto apologise for scusarsi perto be afraid of aver paura dito be keen on essere appassionato dito be used to essere abituato ato get used to abituarsi ato be tired of essere stanco dito feel like essere disposto a-aver voglia dito give up smettere dito insist on insistere dito think of pensare dito thank s.o. for ringraziare qlc perto burst out scoppiare ato avoid Evitare dito admit he admits being wrong he admits that he's wrong Ammettere dito be busy essere occupato ato deny negare dito consider considerare dito practise esercitarsi ato enjoy divertirsi ato miss avere la mancanza dito imagine immaginare dito keep (on) continuare ato help aiutare ato mind dispiacere/avere qlc in contrarioto resist resistere ato risk rischiare ato suggest he suggested going he suggested that we went suggerire diEspressioni come…can't waste time non poter sprecare tempo acan't bear/stand non sopportarecan't help (MAcan't do without sth) non potere fare a meno diit's no use-no good è inutile-non serveit's ( is not ) worth (non) valere la penaN.B. Se il soggetto è diverso dalla principale͖V + AGG.POSS o GENITIVO o COMPL PERS + ing-I can't stand his/Paul's/him snoring.VERB +ING +TOhate like dislike love - prefer azione abituale-I love cooking. azione occasionale-What would you like to go?forget remember past event-I don't remember learning walk future event-obligation-Remember to do it!try suggestion-Try taking an aspirine,you'll be better. try and fail-I tried to warn him (but…)go on continue-she went on working even though it was late. aggiungere col diremean comportare,significare-leaving tomorrow will mean getting up early. avere l' intenzione-I meant to phone you but i forgot.stop give up-I stopped smoking. smettere per fare qualcos'altro-I stopped to buy some coffee.to be sorry (for se ing)/ regret azione passata-I regret not phoning you but I was late about what's going to be said-I regret to tell you that you have failedVerbi con infinito + tocan't afford non potersi permettereagree appear apparirearrange ask chiedere dichoose scegliere didecide decidere difail hope prepare prepararsi apromise promettere dimanage seem sembrarerefuse rifiutare diwait aspettare dithreaten minacciare diPrepositional Phrasesvote for votare perask for sth chiedere per avere qlcblame s.o. for incolpare qlc diwarn s.o. of sth avvisare qlc di qlcremind s.o. to do sth ricordare a qlc di fare qlcinsist on insistere arely on contare suapologise to s.o. for sth scusarsi con qlc di qlcgood at bravo inIt is good/kind of you to do sth è gentile da parte tua fare qlcParticiples1) as adjectives -I'm a boring person----the stolen wallet (=passive meaning)) participles clause dopo AFTER e BECOUSE; per sostituire clauses con when e le relative -Driving home i listened to… -Having arrived home late,he went out for supper pres.perf.participle -se 1 azione è finita prima
di un'altra.
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