Paparazzi in Thailand

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PAPARAZZI; COULD IT BE SEEN ONE DAY IN THAILAND? Introduction The paparazzi are photographers who will certainly do anything to achieve their aim, gaining the profit from the photos of famous people and their families. They sell the photos to tabloids or anyone else who is willing to pay them a high price. ( Thesis Statement) This report will discuss and examine an opportunity of whether paparazzi could be seen one day in Thailand. Firstly, it will remind us the significant power of media in the present world and explain how people who relate to the process of generating the media unexpectedly support the paparazzi initiation in the media world. Furthermore the report will reveal the origin of the word "paparazzi" that was released first time in Italy and shortly expanded across the country in the negative terms. Then it will refer to some of apparently violent cases from the celebrities who became unfortunate victims of paparazzi; Princess Diana and Catherine Zeta Jones with her husband - Michael Douglas. It will then talk about the media ethics, moral, the definition of privacy and human rights, including show the conflict of celebrities privacy and public rights to know the celebrities lives. Lastly this report will offer the idea of the paparazzi motivation of who support their actions; the readers, the media commercial agency and paparazzi themselves. The Media Power in the Present World

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In the modern world we are undeniable against the media power in the present world which nearly absolutely influence on our life and society. Everyday we get the instant information from all over the world through media; newspaper, magazine, television, and Internet. The media already globalize industry, which provided us the interesting and updated news in our society. The information that the media give us is necessary for our daily life and the future life decision. We watch television, read newspaper and magazine for entertainment, knowledge and updated events of running world. We access the Internet with overwhelming information and business issue. Each of generation consumes the product from media in the difference ways. Technology development contributes the media to become the important part of our lives. Everything and every events happen around us are brought to people's acknowledgement so fast since the technology has stepped into the advance level such as some of equipments like digital camera, live news report via Internet and satellite network. Because of those high advantages of media technology, some questions will follow along; how we can manage or what we should manage with the media for proper influence on our lives when the world exists in the plentiful Information Age."Marshall Macluhan pointed out that these new media links have reshaped the world " in the images of a global village". The people in media direction need to adapt their roles following the world as well. If the public have interest to know anything, they will quickly respond to find out for them. Even though their behavior or their ways to get that desire for the public lacking of ethic and moral of mass media convention, they will be careless for those kinds of abstract things except their benefit.The paparazzi who is relevant in the media line trying to take photo of the celebrities for selling to media commercial agency. Both of paparazzi and agency get high profit for their work that is why the paparazzi grow up in the media worldPAPARAZZI HISTORYThe word paparazzo were first released on Italian film " La Dolee Vita" in 160. La Dolee vita, it was the story of one tired journalist, Marcello, and his photographer, "Paparazzo". Federico Fellini who was director of the film describes the word of paparazzo; " Paparazzo suggests to me a buzzing insect, hovering darting stinging. Moreover, Fellini drew a picture of the paparazzo's character that looks like a vampirish insectile, implied that paparazzi is like mosquitoes and also parasites. After that, " Paparazzi" is a word to explain the behavior of photographers who chase up the celebrities to get the information about them to reveal in the public the same as the act on film.( Jennifer,14) However, the word paparazzi in the English language did not relate to " La Dolee Vita". It was released in an article, " Paparazzi on the Prowl" on Time magazine in United States in 161. The article explained " a ravenous wolf pack of freelance photographers who stalk big names for a living and fire with flash guns at a point blank," with groups of paparazzi picture was blocking Prince's car visiting Rome. From the time, paparazzi shortly expanded into the part of mass media and across the public all over the world. ( 14) Some cases of the celebrities whom are a victim of paparazziPrincess DianaPrincess Diana's death was the tragic event for a whole world. Paparazzi are being the accuse of social in the incident. Princess Diana died on 1 august 17 and it became hot issue denouncing an ugly of paparazzi behavior. Because of escape a group of paparazzi during traveling in Paris, the car that she had been in got an accident. (Edwin, 1)According to the article " Who shares the Blame?" on TIME magazine in the issue September 15th, the paparazzi followed Princess Diana and her rich boy friend, Dodi al Fayed, after they left a restaurant where they had a dinner together. A group of paparazzi chased up Diana's car, Mercedes Benz, into the darkness of night, so the driver, Paul, lost control the car and crashed into the side of the tunnel. The car hit the other side of the tunnel and the wall. There are four persons in the car; three of them, Diana, Dodi and Paul died in the crash. The fourth person is a bodyguard who was still alive. Lacayo writes, "The speedometer was frozen on impact at 10 mph." Dodi's family denied that statement and they said it was on zero. The French police refuse to confirm officially either claim…and police speculate that the Mercedes arrived at the tunnel entrance…. at about 80 to 100 m.p.h.(Richard, 17 )The CBS News reported paparazzi were at the scene of the accident ,but they did not help her and the others in the car. They snatched for taking a photo of the dying princess instead.It is believed the driver was speeding to avoid the paparazzi, who were chasing them on motorcycle. If the paparazzi had not chased Diana that night for special one shot, she would be alive today. This is the reason the paparazzi are being blamed for the death of Diana. Another speculation is that when the paparazzi flashed their cameras in the dark night, it may have blinded the driver. (http/// www.Kirtland.cc.mi.us/~chronicl/oct7p4.html)Catherline Zeta Jones and Michael DouglasNot only Princess Diana was disturbed, but the others celebrities are also invaded by paparazzi. For example, Catherline Zeta Jones and Michael Douglas got to a photographer sneaked into their wedding in 000. Zeta Jones told that she was once scared by photographer who jumped out of the night time to get a shot of her. Another time , she crashed her car into a lamp post as the result of trying to escape from a paparazzi. Now there is a new breed of photographers, know as the paparazzi, that are hated by most movie stars and other famous people alike. Media problem Privacy, human rights and ethic As we see from some of celebrities cases who are a victim of the hunter I the name of paparazzi. I think it is a good opportunity to examine the ethical and moral consciousness for the role of the mass communication operation. There are many reproach against paparazzi of their behavior ravaging into the society. Someone propose to issue a law to prevent and limit the terrible danger that may happen when the paparazzi follow the celebrities. It is not wrong for photographers to take pictures of the famous people, but it is wrong to take pictures without their permission. The lack of privacy and human right realization of media may cause the paparazzi problem.Privacy is an ambiguous concept that is not easy to define. "One common view is that the right to have privacy means the right to be left alone or control unwanted publicity about one personal affairs. In contrast, the media are in the business of not leaving people alone. Their duties are in the direction of revelation, not concealment". () Thus, the balance of the individual's interest in privacy is against the interest of the public in derivative of information. The public right to know can cause the conflicts with the individual rights. Where should the lines be drawn as to what is permitted and what is not? That is still being question among people into the media line. There is always a serious problem to debate about the right of the public to know and the right of the individual to deserve privacy.Nowadays, the press freedom directly invade into the privacy and human rights, but some privacy are essentially attacked for the news informing to the public. The gossips news photographers such paparazzi ought to concerns a choice between what he saw as his respectable job and the privacy of one's conscience. As the influence of mass communication constantly widely spread and almost touch in every parts of society. It is important that the mass media should be more concerned in ethics and morality as well. That is the best way to reduce the conflict between journalists and the person who is a source of the news. Richard Johannesen defines ethics in the concept of responsibility in his book Ethics in Human Communication, stated that "responsibility includes the elements of fulfilling duties and obligations, of being accountable to the other individuals and groups, and of being accountable as evaluated by agreed up on standards…That is, the responsible communicator would carefully analyze claims, soundly assess probable consequences, and conscientiously weigh relevant values. In a sense, a responsible communicator is responseable. She or he exercise the ability to and communication of others in sensitive, thoughtful, fitting ways" (). On the other hand, we can think of mass media ethics is the great "responsibility" on the part of both media creators and consumers. The real motivation What is the real motivation of the paparazzi performance?. The photographers, the celebrities, the media agency or the people who buy the newspaper and magazine. All of these may be a good answer as we can consider the role of them to be a paparazzi supporter. The people who used to buy or consume the information of the celebrities and show the picture to their friend and family. They are the one of the motive part, sharing the responsibility for the celebrities invasion, accuse of promoting paparazzi behavior. For instance, Sue Cater, associate professor of journalism at Michigan State University, claims that the paparazzi is a segment of journalism who drive the market. The larger of the demand is the more aggressive paparazzi. She said that " the people who buy paparazzi material are taking a role in the entire process". Moreover, Because of curiosity of human nature, we love and crazy superstars and the famous person, so we need to know about their lifestyle or some secret . That is the cause of paparazzi spy on people and show the secret picture in the public. The second person of the real motivation is the media agency. Society pointed at the media blame them with creating a market for the celebrities report. In highly competition into the mass media environment , the agency decided to take time and find out what can make the high profit. The media; magazine ,newspaper , television use the gossip of the celebrities for sale and attract the consumers by showing the photo of them such as Hollywood gossip. According to Charles Spencer, Diana's brother used to blame in the media " Every proprietor and editor of every publication that have paid for the intrusive and exploitative photographs of her has blood on his hands". It show us in the sense of some guilty of the media that hold with the paparazzi and let them make the cruel benefit to their companies. They spend a lot of money about hundreds and thousands of dollars to get the perfect of the celebrities shot for printing or present on their work.The last one is the paparazzi themselves as they are always in the role of hunter. The bad effect easily occur when they stalk the celebrities. They make a career for earn money and the agency give high price for the best shot. For example, the picture of Diana and Dodi, kissing on the yacht in St.Tropez viila in July 17, sold in the United States for 00,000 dollars, or the picture of the Diana's car crash were offered for one million dollars around the world. When they get the high income for one job and there will be the group of agency who need the photo to display to the public, so paparazzi eager to risk everything for one shot that can make them to be a millionaires. Why do the idea of Thai paparazzi emergence come out? Since Twentieth century, the fifth information revolution in Asia, "digital electronic revolution," effect on Thai mass media. Moreover, the economic crisis in 15 forced Thai media developed their own organization and company stability. The globalization connect the media in each of country into the similar system. Naturally, Thai media had to adapt themselves as well. There are many ways that Thai media using to modernize. The one way is to copy the foreign method for management and presentation of information and use the role model international media to produce their work . For example , The reporters of channel report news the same style as CNN. They did not merely copy the style of news report, but also imitated the idea or concept of T.V program such as millionaire game. Thus the entertainment news were created in the same way of the western. It has the sorts of stars gossip program on every Thai television.Almost of Thai people are interested in the media for entertainment. The private media company can make a lot of money per a year. Present Thai media today enter into the game of business world, so the goal to report also change to respond the high competition. They do not concern in the ethics or moral consciousness. The aim of the company is to succeed in the best seller or the highest rating instead. The economic can bring the paparazzi to be new group in Thai media, if no name photographer take a photo of Thai celebrities or star, the editor of the entertainment magazine may decide to inform it to the public. Furthermore Thai people love to know about the personal affairs of the celebrities. Additionally Thai fan club who get crazy of popular idol is the other factor to support paparazzi in Thailand. When Thai teens love pop singer or superstar they will follow their favorite superstar to everywhere and take a photo of them for every shots by digital camera. After that the fan club of popular idol produce the website on the Internet. This action is like the behavior of paparazzi, but they do not sell the picture. On the other hand, some of them just desire to keep for their collection. Thai people always admit the western culture into the society and the beginning of paparazzi taken in Europe. Some people favor foreign movie star and popular singers point to Thai press freedom.As I say that is the tendency of paparazzi coming out one day in Thailand and there are many interesting situations motivating the new career, paparazzi, in Thai media. In case that Thai society still need to carry on facing the mistreated way upon media management of both Thai media generator and Thai media consumer, we will inevitably encounter the new undesirable race of Thai media creator paparazzi. All of these reasons; power of media in the present world, curiosity in human nature, lacking of rules and respect in privacy and human rights create the idea of Thai paparazzi is going to be born in Thai Mass Media Circle to me.

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St. Patrick's Day Informative Speech

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The introI. How many of you are Irish? How many of you celebrate St. Patrick's Day?

A. You don't have to be Irish anymore to celebrate this holiday. II. Many different types of people from all over the world celebrate St. Patrick's Day.

A. Celebrating of St. Patrick's Day now occurs in different countries all over the world not only in Ireland but including; America, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Australia, Canada. III. My family comes from Ireland and I have done a lot of research on the topic for you, as I find it very interesting.

A. My grandpa and grandma came to America from Ireland in 110.IV. Today I hope to give you more informate about St. Patrick, the history of the holiday, and the Americanized traditions of St. Patrick's Day.The body I. Who was St. Patrick?

A. His real name was Maewyn.

B. He was born in Britain in 8 AD into wealthy parents.

C. At around 16 years of age Maewyn was taken prisoner by Irish Raiders to work as a Shepard.

1. He was working outdoors and alone throughout his 6 years as a Shepard so he turned to his religion (Christianity) as a solace.

D. Maewyn is said to have had a dream, where God spoke to him.

1. In this dream Maewyn said that God was telling him it was time to leave.

E. At this point Maewywn escaped back to Britain, to do this he had to walk nearly 00 miles.

F. After this he has another dream in which an angel tells him to return to Ireland as missionary.

1. While he was in Britian he started his religious training which lasted 15 years, and was ordained as a priest.

. Maewyn then went back to Irelend with two things set to accomplish; the first to minister to Christian's already living in Ireland, and secondly to convert the Irish. II. The History of St. Patrick's Day

A. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17.

1. This is supposed to represent the Day that Maewyn or St. Patrick died (in 460 AD).

B. St. Patrick's Day was known as a Religious Holiday

1. St. Patrick's Days falls in the middle of Lent, a Christian holiday.

. The Irish were said to go to church in the morning on St. Patrick's Day and celebrate during the afternoon.

C. On St. Patrick's Day a feast would also occur.

1. Lenten prohibitions about the consumption of meat we waived on March 17.

. The Irish would feast on the traditional meal of Irish bacon and cabbage.

D. Parades to celebrate St. Patrick's Day.

1. The first St. Patrick's Day parade actually occurred in The United States on March 17, 176.

. Marching in the parade were Irish solders serving in the English military.III. The Americanization of St. Patrick's Day

A. Until 170 Irish Pub's were closed on St. Patrick's Day to symbolize the religious holiday.

1. American's portrayed Irish American's in cartoons as drunk people calebrating their holiday however.

B. Finally In 15 Ireland decided to use a campaign to use St. Patrick's Day to drive tourism and showcase Ireland to the rest of the world.

C. In 00 close to one million people took part in the St. Patrick's Day celebration in Dublin, Ireland.

1. The celebration was a week long and included parades, concerts outdoor theater productions, and firework shows. ConclusionI. I am glad I was able to share with you a little bit about St. "Maewyn" Patrick, the history of the holiday, and the Americanized traditions of St. Patrick's Day.II. I encourage you to go out and celebrate St. Patrick's Day next year now that you know a little history on it. Please note that this sample paper on St. Patrick's Day Informative Speech is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on St. Patrick's Day Informative Speech, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on St. Patrick's Day Informative Speech will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What is Communicative Language Teaching and is there any place for it in EFL teaching?

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In this essay, I will endeavor to define Communicative Language Teaching; when and why it became an important approach in foreign language teaching; discuss attitudes to it; define communicative activities; discuss learner-directed activities and the teacher's role; give examples of communicative activities and discuss the place of Communicative Language Teaching in my own teaching situation. Put simply, the aim of Communicative Language Teaching is to help students move beyond mastering the structures in a foreign language to the point where they can use them to communicate meaningfully in real life situations. This assumes that people who learn the English language want to be able to communicate socially on an everyday basis with native or very able English language speakers. They will also want to be able to live normal lives if they are visiting, or living in, countries where English is the primary language. The ‘communicative' movement has been influential in teaching foreign languages since the early 170s. It "grew out of dissatisfaction with the structuralism and situational methods of the 160s." (Nunan, 10) Of course, the basic aim of any foreign language teaching has always been communicative ability, and this is widely used in, e.g. the audio-lingual method. However, the implications of this aim have been more thoroughly studied since the 170s. The communicative approach makes teachers and students consider language in terms of the communicative functions it performs in real situations, as well as its structures( vocabulary and grammar). The emphasis in language teaching comes off mastering individual structures (although these are very useful in the bigger picture) and moves onto providing students with opportunities to use the language themselves to get things done.There are different ideas as to how Communicative Language Teaching operates. Initially it was seen as a methodology but now British and American proponents "see it as an approach (and not a method) that aims to (a) make communicative competence the goal of language teaching and (b) develop procedures for the teaching of the four language skills that acknowledge the interdependence of language and communication." (ELC Module 5, 000) According to Howatt (184), there are ‘strong' and ‘weak' versions of the communicative approach. He states that the ‘weak' version is now more or less standard practice. (ELC Module 5, 000). This is possibly still true in 001. I believe this ‘weak' version could reflect not only a philosophical belief, but also the teaching styles of some EFL teachers as well as the learning styles of some students. Drills and like activities leave the power in the teacher' hands while communicative tasks give much more power and control to the student. On the other hand, there are students who much prefer an analytical or authoritative approach to learning. This is very true for many Chinese students who operate in a classroom situation where memorizing facts is the norm. It completely daunts many of them when they are asked to think for themselves in EFL classes, and they desperately make notes or ask analytical questions to assure themselves that what they are doing is correct. It takes time and patience to introduce a learner-centred curriculum in these situations, and it is extremely important that the students experience success at every stage.

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There are several criteria that can be used to determine whether or not activities are communicative ones. Littlewood (188) summarizes them under four headings-1. "They provide whole-task practice" through various kinds of communicative activity with a real purpose, structured in order to suit the students' level of ability. It is very important in a learner-centred classroom that the teacher discovers each student's level of ability and builds on it. . "They improve motivation" so that the students have the desire and feel the need to communicate with others.. "They allow natural learning" which happens inside the students when the they are using language for communication.4. "They can create a context which supports learning." Positive personal relationships can develop among students and between the students and teacher in the classroom. In turn this creates an environment that supports learning. Rod Ellis (ELC Module 5, 000) stresses that "content not form" is important as students must be focussed on what they are saying and not how they are saying it. He also talks about the importance of students being allowed the freedom to improvise (and this is what happens in real situations). He adds that there should be "no teacher intervention" either in the teacher correcting or evaluating (although he says some evaluation of the final product could take place when the activity is over) and that there should be "no materials control" so that the choice of language rests completely with the learners.In true communicative activities, the teacher sets up a situation and then the students take responsibility for carrying it through to its conclusion. This learner-directed activity approach is very difficult for many learners. In most Hong Kong schools, students are instructed what to do and how to do it, therefore a teacher here would have to be very sensitive to the insecurity and anxiety that they would feel. In cases like this, it would be important to ease the students gradually into this new way of learning language, and gradually increase the type of activity as their confidence, understanding, and desire for independence grew. The teacher would need to ensure that the students understood exactly what was required of them, perhaps by modelling the activity first of all with some members of the class, and select activities that made small demands on their abilities to perform. The teacher also has an important but less dominant role to play in communicative activities. He/she is there to guide and encourage where necessary, and offer psychological support for the students. If the students find themselves unable to continue or complete a task, the teacher can offer advice, provide additional language, or settle arguments. It is also important that the teacher discourages the use of the mother tongue. This is an extremely valuable time for the teacher to assess the students' performances so that future planning can take into account their successes and ‘failures'. While doing these things, it is very important that the teacher maintains an attitude of having no direct role in the activity.There are two main types of communicative activities functional communication activities and social interaction activitiesFunctional communication activities increase the ability to find language that will convey an intended meaning effectively in a specific situation. The students use language they know to get their meaning over even if it is not grammatically accurate. How successful students are can be measured according to whether they cope with the communicative demands of the immediate situation. Functional communication activities are about the teacher structuring situations so that students have to solve a problem or overcome an information gap. According to Littlewood (188) there are four main groups 1. "Sharing information with restricted cooperation", in which one learner possesses information that another learner must discover by asking questions, e.g. identifying pictures, discovering identical pairs, discovering sequences or locations, discovering missing information, features or secrets. . "Sharing information with unrestricted cooperation", in which learners use language for describing, suggesting, asking for clarification and helping each other - constructing like models by following instructions, discovering differences in almost identical pictures, following directions on identical maps are good examples of activities.. "Sharing and processing information", in which learners must not only share information but also discuss or evaluate it thus going beyond surface facts in order to analyse, explain and evaluate them. Learners be able to negotiate or disagree without giving offense at this level reconstructing story-sequences and pooling information to solve a problem are examples of these activities.4. "Processing information", which dispenses with the need to share information as learners have access to all the facts they need. Almost any problem-solving situation can be used at this level and they can be based on everyday situations or some imaginary situation that all the group has to contribute to.Social interaction activities increase the ability to take account of the social meaning as well as the functional meaning of different language forms. The students use language which is not only functionally correct but is also appropriate to the social situation they are in they must pay greater attention to the social context in which the activity takes place. Simulation and role-playing are important techniques for creating situations and relationships within the confines of the classroom. How successful the students are here, is evaluated in terms not only of functional effectiveness but also in terms of the social acceptability of the forms that are used. It should be noted that the students themselves can determine the exact importance of the social factors during an activity. Littlewood (188) states that the classroom can be used as a social context and that the structure and skills that a foreign language student acquires during classroom interactions can be later transferred to other kinds of situations. He explains four approaches1. "Using the foreign language for classroom management", which involves lessons being introduced and ended, activities being organised and solving practical problems as they arise, all in the foreign language. This provides a rich source of communicative needs in the EFL classroom. It is important not to use the mother tongue at this time or the foreign language is devalued in the learners' eyes.. "Using the foreign language as a teaching medium" there are many ways to achieve this. At my own school, where the teaching medium is English, the Chinese students who have no English whatsoever have two 1hr sessions each day with a specialist ESL teacher and the rest of their teaching, e.g. maths, art, PE, is conducted in English. Once the ESL teacher deems that they have enough of a grasp of English, they come back to the grade classroom fulltime where they struggle for a while. This system is working well although it has put much more strain on the classroom teachers as well. Last year we had two immersion classes, and this left those students with a sense of inferiority and a lack of social contact with their individual grades.. "Conversation or discussion sessions" which perform an important function in helping communicative ability. These have to be structured carefully so that the teacher does not dominate, and simple things like the classroom layout being changed can introduce an informal aspect. It is important that the teacher provides material or instructions that help sustain these sessions without him/her taking over. Any part that the teachers does take should be on an equal basis as the learners.4. "Basing dialogues and role-plays on school experience" has many uses. One, in particular, explores the problems that the learners have inside and outside the classroomSimulation and role-playing create many more varied forms of interaction that EFL teachers can use. Again the teacher must know the students' level of ability but these valuable forms of interaction can push the students to extend their abilities while keeping in mind that it is communication that is important not just the practice of language. The teacher can work through from performing memorized dialogues to improvisation. Debates are also fun and the students need to be able to use different strategies to achieve their aims here. At all stages the teacher can be evaluating to see how future planning needs to be adapted for further lessons. One of the pluses of communicative language teaching is that the teacher is given many opportunities to sit back and evaluate students' progress. Errors can be seen as part of evaluation, and students need to be encouraged to see that errors are natural and just mean that something else has to be tried.I have found it a challenge to decide if communicative language teaching has a place in my teaching in Hong Kong. I am in a situation where I teach in English at an international school and use the Heinemann English 1 programme. I know this text does not suit my students' needs but the text was decided upon when entry to the school required a much higher level of English and there were more native English speakers at the school. The case now is that I have one student whose reading age matches his chronological age and the rest of my year seven students' R.A.s range from 10yrs down to 6 yrs. As a group they lack confidence in themselves and are painfully afraid of making errors in front of their peers. I have great difficulty in getting them to discuss or predict during class. Departing from the textbook is difficult as their parents are required to purchase the text, and Chinese parents tend to tick off each chapter as we "work" through it. I asked very experienced EFL teachers at other schools in Hong Kong about communicative language activities, and they were firmly of the opinion that the whole approach does not work here. One of them mentioned the well established requirement of memorisation in Chinese schools. Another teacher said that during the 10s, the need for Chinese students to learn English to satisfy their entertainment needs had all but disappeared. English is now seen as a tool for business alone. It would be interesting to canvass more EFL teachers and find if these are common views. A third teacher was firmly of the opinion that it was "the only way to go" but required lots of introductory work. I think in small ways I can introduce more of the activities I have learned about the ‘weak' option - but I am going to recommend that my school looks closely at our current school population and at the English textbooks we are using. I am sure the ESL teachers would support a change in textbooks even if they did not personally support the communicative language approach. A small beginning if it happens but I hope it would have a ripple effect. I have always believed that meaning is uppermost in all aspects of language. This study has pushed me to see that language teaching must be about communicating in real social situations as well, and so I feel I have taken another step forward. While I recognise that the approach does not suit all teachers or students, I acknowledge that communicative language teaching gives students more opportunity to be responsible for their own learning, in a non-threatening environment. It places the teacher in the role of facilitator, writing their own learner-centred curriculum and ensuring that students experience success in all lessons. This makes for more work on the teacher's part but ought to result in greater satisfaction on the part of both teacher and student. English Language Centre. Module 5. ELC., 000.Harmer, J. The Practice of English Language Teaching. Longman, 1.Littlewood, W. Communicative Language Teaching. CUP, 188.Nunan, D. Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom. CUP, 18.Nunan, D. The Learner-Centred Curriculum. CUP, 10. Please note that this sample paper on What is Communicative Language Teaching and is there any place for it in EFL teaching? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What is Communicative Language Teaching and is there any place for it in EFL teaching?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on What is Communicative Language Teaching and is there any place for it in EFL teaching? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dell

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Michael Dell founded the mail-order PC company in 184 at the age of 1. The company emerged from an 18-employee basement operation to the leading supplier of computers in the world.

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Dell Computer Corp. thrived by using flexible manufacturing and inventory management techniques to shave costs while providing custom PCs with the speediest delivery in the industry. Dells mission is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets they serve. In doing so, Michael Dell is quoted as saying they "will meet customer expectations of Highest quality, Leading technology, Competitive pricing, Individual and company accountability, Best-in-class service and support, Flexible customization capability, Superior corporate citizenship, and Financial stability. Dell has a vision of excellence through quality, innovation, pricing, accountability, service and support, customization, corporate citizenship and financial stability." This mission statement is clear and easy to understand. Producing quality work that leads to the achievement of these lofty goals becomes much more complicated than writing a simple mission statement. One thing is clear, the core capabilities of any business stem from the employees that comprise it. With over 6,000 employees, Dell is a member of the rapidly changing and expanding computer technology industry. This industry had achieved enormous growth in the last decade.

As PC sales slow worldwide, the Round Rock, Texas-based company has embarked on a broad campaign to gain market share by cutting prices, according to analysts. In the past, the company focused on keeping profit margins high, leading to strong profitability, robust revenue growth and relatively high average selling prices on its PCs. Now, with the maturation of the PC market, Dell is undercutting competitors in price to rapidly gain market share. But the short-term cost to Dell could be high reduced profitability. Analysts described Dells gambittrading some profitability for big market share gains to playing the board war game, Risk. By expanding its lead in more markets or in Risk controlling enough countries, Dell hopes to overrun competitors. Dells pursuit of market share puts many competitors in a defensive position, according to analysts. Dell has a way of making life more miserable for people who are already in a bad way. For example, when Compaq, HP or some other company has a big inventory of imminently aging equipment hanging in the wrong place, Dell has a habit of dropping prices and making that inventory even more valueless. Smaller companies will face even greater problems and may have to face the ultimate question of whether to continue to participate in the PC market. Far worse for competitors may be Dells determination to undercut them in price in higher-margin products like servers and storage systems. The aggressive pricing environment in PCs is now spilling over into the enterprise market with Dell pricing its high-density rack servers at sub $1,000 and NAS (network attached storage) products at 6 cents per megabyte, (1) Kumar noted. Whether Dells market share gambit will pay off is uncertain, but many Wall Street analysts like the companys strategy in spite of lowered margins. Dell, known for selling built-to-order computers directly to buyers, is adapting an approach to tap the consumer sector in China, one of the few healthy markets in an otherwise ailing industry. Healthy Chinese computer demand is helping Dell maintain revenue levels as prices fall drastically worldwide. During the quarter ending November , 00, Dell China unit shipments went up by 47 per cent as sales climbed 16 per cent in this strategically important market. The achievements pushed Dells market share to 4. per cent from .1 per cent in the same quarter a year earlier, according to International Data Corporation (IDC) Q 00 report. The aggressive pricing strategy has helped Dell gain market share in China despite the global slump in the PC market. Dell has outperformed IBM as the leading foreign PC vendor in China in terms of unit shipment in the third quarter (Q) and is currently ranked fourth in Chinas top 10 PC vendors based on revenue and unit shipments. Legend, Founder, IBM, Dell, and HP were the top five PC vendors in China in the first half of the year, with Legend having 0.1 per cent of the market. The top five foreign PC vendors in China in terms of unit shipment also include Acer, HP and Compaq. China is one of the few healthy PC markets in the world for Dell, which is expecting strong growth in the home PC as well as servers. Chinas World Trade Organization (WTO) accession is definitely a good opportunity for China as well as Dell. It means a much more open market and will attract a lot of investors to China. That will give everyone, not only Dell, a bigger market to tap into. For Dell, the key segment is still the enterprise business large corporate and medium businesses. After nearly four years of expansion in China, Dell now has liaison offices covering Chinas major cities Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Shenzhen. Chinese customers can order a PC, notebook or servers, specifying their own configuration and software requirements, directly to a Dell sales executive, across 58 cities. Its direct, onsite service and technical support now covers over 1,550 cities. What is the future for Dell? Already being the number one computer maker in the world, Dell, will continue expanding beyond the PC. Michael Dell has already confirmed the company would soon start making printers. Dell recently started selling its own brand of held computers, called the Axim, at an aggressively low price. Computers are becoming the center of entertainment. Mr. Dell gave his vision about how computers would be changing, talking about PCs coming with built-in TV tuners and software to allow them to become personal video recorders. Dell Computers business strategy is centered around its direct business model and is very customer focused, and with this vision and vision, Dell will continue to grow, and be the main powerhouse PC maker to compete with.

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Women over 30 gained the vote in 1918 mainly because of women's contributions to the war effort. Do you agree?

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Women over 30 gained the vote in 1918 mainly because of women's contributions to the war effort. Do you agree?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Women over 30 gained the vote in 1918 mainly because of women's contributions to the war effort. Do you agree? paper at affordable prices with custom writing service! It is believed by many that the conclusion to over twenty years of women's campaigning was down to their work during the war. I would say this is a naïve comment, taking the work women did before the war much less seriously than it warrants.The NUWSS had previously postponed their protests, and when the WSPU realised how long this war could last they too postponed their protests. They even went on a march demanding the right to be more involved with the war effort. This campaign however, was almost immediately successful as many considered their actions to be not only patriotic but also responsible.During the war women were given the opportunity to do jobs it would simply be unheard of for them to do before the war, jobs such as bus conductresses (clippies), shopkeepers, welders and engineers. Women did almost every job under the sun, except coal mining.One of the most popular jobs was working in munitions factories. The 00,000 women who worked in munitions factories would be known as munitionettes or canaries (the chemicals used turned the women's skin yellow, it also caused lung disease and skin cancer). During the war 80 women were killed in munitions explosions but, aware of the risks, women were paid £-5 a week, less than what men were paid but still more than women were used to, and by 117 the factories had produced more shells than the army could use!

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Many middle and upper class women who had never worked in their lives wanted to help the war effort. Some, with large properties opened up their homes as nursing or convalescent homes for wounded soldiers. Although many women wanted to be involved more directly and so joined the Volunteer Aid Detachments (VADs). This was unpaid work, and women were able to be nursing members, cooks, kitchen maids, laundresses, even motor drivers. 15,000 chose to be nursing assistantsAnother area that required women's labour was in agriculture, or as it was called, the Land Army. Unfortunately this was not a popular choice 60,000 women were needed in this area, of this target, only 48,000 joined up.One of the most underrated areas was one newly set-up for women. That was, in the Auxilary Armed Forces, these were not front-line fighting groups and were noon-combatant, some of these groups included- The Women's Army Auxilary Corps (WAAC)- The Women's Naval Service (WRNS)- The Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF)Also, a women's police force was set up. All of the auxiliary forces and the police force lasted throughout and even after the war ended.With all this said, I believe some of the most prominent actions came from Edith Cavell. A British nurse based in Belgium, Cavell treated patients of any nationality that came into her hospital. When the hospital fell under German control she decided to stay rather than run to British lines. She smuggled two successfully healed British soldiers and allowed them to escape back to British lines. Unfortunately the Germans found out and Cavell was immediately shot. In my opinion these were some of the most patriotic actions seen during the entire war.To conclude, I disagree with this statement. The work of women during the war was a huge stepping-stone towards getting them the vote but so to was the long campaign of propaganda, and also the campaign of the militants, or suffragettes. Without the extreme militancy and the war, I still believe the vote would have come, just more slowly.

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Death of a salesman

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The play, Death of a Salesman, written by Arthur Miller, used a narrative technique called stream of consciousness. Willy Loman, the main character, was the one who the technique relates to because he looks to the past for the answers to his problems. Throughout the play there are many instances of symbolism and themes with the main point being how a person defines success for themselves. Willy is somewhat crazy with the morals he lives by and has a hard time stepping into reality. His goals leading to success seem too far to grab and he bestows his hopes along with fears onto his family. Willy is fundamentally confused in his assessment of himself as a salesman, father, and husband.

The first instance that relates to Willy's confusion is his career as a salesman. Willy has a big ego and tells himself and everyone else about how he is very well liked and vital in New England. Outsiders would notice the nonsense that came out of his mouth, such as Bernard and Charley, but couldn't do a thing about it. Willy would declare, "Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer."() His attitude changed frequently and the next minute he'd take that step into reality, if only for a moment he would realize what his life had become. "You know, the trouble is, Linda, people don't take to me… I know it when I walk in. They seem to laugh at me."(6) This clearly shows Willy's confusion in his assessment of himself as a salesman.

Willy has two sons, Biff and Happy, and Biff is the more favored son, in fact Happy is barely ever noticed by Willy. Willy always conveyed his ideas to Biff hoping he would follow in his dreams. He would sell his own son his lines of what he believed true, although were not. Willy would say it was okay to steal and if you're very well-liked and good looking you're set in life. In Willy's misconception of who he is and what he's done he proclaims, "I never in my life told him anything but decent things."(41) After Biff has failed in life and finds out his father is cheating on his wife, therefore a liar, he can't take it anymore. Willy only wants the best for his son and Biff only want the best for his father. Many awkward situations come after they've grown up and Biff decides to confront Willy on his wrong judgment of life. "And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody!"(11) Being a father was something Willy was confused about but yearned to be the best.

Linda, Willy's wife is another big part of his life and link to his mental tribulations. She loves Willy dearly and is compassionate towards him and his feelings. Willy deep down loves her but doesn't seem to appreciate all her doings. He wants a perfect life with a perfect family and tells Linda he's going to get it someday. "You wait kid, before it's all over we're gonna get a little place out in the country, and I'll raise some vegetables, a couple of chickens…" (7) Vegetables are significant because Willy wants to plant something to watch it grow. In one of Willy's flashbacks he's in a hotel room with a different woman. This proves Willy is phony and when Biff goes there and catches him it's still hard for him to realize what he's done. "What's the matter? She's a buyer. Buys for J.H. Simmons. She lives down the hall-… She's nothing to me Biff. I was lonely, I was terribly lonely."(10) All aspects of Willy's life are confused and this shows his marriage being affected.

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In conclusion, Willy's life is an array of mixed emotions, feelings, and thoughts. Willy begins to understand that life is about love and family but he's still confused with the money issue. This consideration appears relevant at the end of the play when Willy proceeds to commit suicide for a $0,000 proposition. He kept saying that the woods are burning, a theme meaning that life was closing in on him. Biff didn't want for that to happen but understood why and used knowledge to live the rest of his life, while Happy, never understanding or caring, had all his father's bad habits and was just living through him. Willy only wanted success but with his mental confusion was too difficult and led to failure.

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The causes nof WWI

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The First World War had many causes; the historians probably have not yet discovered and discussed all of them so there might be more causes

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than what we know now. The spark of the Great War was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife by a Serbian nationalist on the morning of June 8, 114, while traveling in a motorcade through Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after his ascension to the throne, he would continue the persecution of Serbs living within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had trained a small group of teenage operatives to infiltrate Bosnia and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. It is unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot. However, it was uncovered years later that the leader of the Black Hand was also the head of Serbian military intelligence. In order to understand the complexity of the causes of the war, it is very helpful to know what was the opinion of the contemporaries about the causes of the Great War. In the reprint of the article What Started the War, from August 17, 115 issue of The Clock magazine published on the Internet the author writes It is thought that this war that is been ongoing for over a year, began with the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. However, many other reasons led to this war, some occurring as far back the late 1800s. Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the system of alliances were four main factors that pressed the great powers towards this explosive war. According to the article above, the author stresses that the nationalism was one of the primary causes of the war. In the ninetieth and twentieth centuries, especially after the French Revolution nationalism was becoming a powerful force in Europe so people that had the same culture, language wanted their own country. And that was the problem for the government of Austria-Hungary that did not want to lose their power and control. The Slavs in the southern part of the empire were their main concern since they wanted to join up to Serbia.Militarism is the second cause according to the article above, which comes after the nationalism. To understand what the author means by militarism one should be familiar with the situation of the world in the beginning of the century, which was the result of both industrial and democratic revolutions. Britain at that time was the largest empire in the world, and it also had the largest navy. The navy was so big and strong because the Britons needed to protect their empire and maintain the sea routes between the different colonies. The Kaiser William II of Germany hated and envied Britain for having a stronger navy than his. He increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded with building more ships and increasing its navy too. This started a race for building more and better warships and it created tension and competition between those two countries. Imperialism and the system of alliances are the last two major causes of the War. There was a quarrel between France and Germany about controlling the colonies, and especially Morocco, which leads to a greater conflict, the Great War. Europe at that time was divided into two rival alliance systems Triple Entente that included Great Britain, France, and Russia and the Triple Alliance, which included the Central Powers of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and eventually the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Austria-Hungary must take a large proportion of any blame for the outbreak of war in 114. The reason for Germanys part in the causes involves Germanys blank Check policy. Before sending its ultimatum to Serbia, Austria needed to be sure of the support of its ally, Germany. Such support was forthcoming in the form of a telegram to the Emperor Franz Joseph on 6 July 114. The telegram has become known to history as the Blank Check. In order to balance the power, France and Russia signed an alliance. Russia saw itself as the protector of Slavs in the war, and immediately mobilized. When the war began, the German decision that if they were going to have to fight Russia and France, they would strike at France first according to its Schlieffen Plan, and then turn West to Russia. Germans believed that Russia at the time was unprepared for war, and that it will take a long time for Russia to mobilize its army. On July 8, 114 Austria declared war against Serbia. Russia responded by partially mobilizing against Austria as a protector of Slavs, and Germany insisted that Russia immediately demobilize. Russia refused to do so, and on August 1 and declared war on Russia and France. When war was declared in August people involved on all sides felt that it would be a short war, and will be over by Christmas.In order for Germany to accomplish its Schlieffen Plan, Germany occupied Belgium. By August most of Belgium was under German occupation and the Schlieffen Plan appeared to be going well, but it brought Britain into the war because they had made a treaty with Belgium before, and Schlieffen Plan involved the invasion of neutral Belgium.One of the problems during the Great War that military staffs and thinking were far behind new weapons and logistics. In other words military commanders like General Haig or Marshall Joffre were not quite ready to the war with its modern weapons and new technologies such as machine guns, bunkers and railroad systems that allowed to bring troops quicker into defensive positions. This was the first war in the human history where the weapons of defense were superior to offensive. The First World War is also known as a war of attrition. In order to protect themselves from modern weapons, men dug in along the whole of the Western Front. They built networks of trenches that ran 500 miles. The First Battle of the Marne was the wars first major turning point. German army has almost reached its objective Paris in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan, but the Battle of the Marne stopped the movement of Germans in the west. Unfortunately for the Germans, the plan did not work as expected. The result was a partial success, which failed in its ultimate goal of knocking the French army out of the war early. The Battle of the Marne marked the end of the Schlieffen Plan, the end of movement in the war and the start of Trench Warfare. Eventually the trenches were stretching 5,000 miles, from Switzerland to the North Sea. On the other hand, Germans were much successful on the Eastern Front and had a series of quick victories over Russia. Only in a single Battle of Tannenberg ,000 Russian prisoners were taken. After the failure of the German offensive, both sides made various local attempts at achieving breakthroughs. Most of these attempts failed due to the effects of modern weapons.The First World War was the first war to use poison gas as a military weapon. Germans also had the first submarines and used them to blockade Britain by sinking British ships. The sinking of Lusitania is the famous example of the submarine warfare during the World War I. The Lusitania had civilians on board, where 100 passengers were American citizens. After sinking Lusitania a letter was sent to the German Government by President Wilson to warn the German government against killing Americans citizens.In October 115 Ottoman Turkish Empire enters war on German side. Turkish army began invasion of Russia and was very successful until Great Britain attacked Turkey. British, French, Australian and New Zealand were unsuccessful in invading Turkey. The action was confined to the Dardanelles Strait and the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula near Istanbul. The same year, Italy had withdrawn from the Triple Alliances when war started, and on the Eastern Front Russians were loosing their lands and over 750,000 soldiers were taken as prisoners. By the end of 115 the whole society of Europe mobilized for war. This was to be the worlds first Total War. Women were taking on the jobs, and most male population was sent to war. The total war started when Germans used their first gas attackGassing was the start of total war, because it broke all limits, the social taboos, the gentlemans etiquette of other wars. Sometimes the shot would miss the mark and kill innocent civilians. Before the introduction of gas bombing, soldiers found it easier to overlook the fact that they were fighting on opposite sides of the field, because they had no personal motivation to fight. In 116 there 1 British and French Divisions were fighting against 117 German Divisions. Two sides were facing each other across the no mans land of mud, shell holes and barbed wires. Sometimes the distance between two fighting powers was so close that on first Christmas both sides were singing carols to each other. One can find a good description of trenches by reading Erich Remarques novel All Quite on the Western Front were he gives the reader some insight and a look at a group of young German friends who are also fighting in World War I. It covers the horror of this war through the eyes of a young German solider, Paul Baumer. This book is not like other books and stories that glorify wars. It tells the horrors of war in detail. The story recalls the bloody details of bombing, gunfire, gas, hand-to-hand combat, barbed wire, trench warfare and etc. Remarque tells the story in the first person that makes the reader feel as if he or she is one of the soldiers, that makes the novel even more dramatic for the readerWe see men living with their skulls blown open; we see soldiers run with their two feet cut off, they stagger on their splintered stumps into the next shell-hole; a lance-corporal crawls a mile and a half on his hands dragging his smashed knee after him; another goes to the dressing station and over his clasped hands bulge his intestines; we see men without mouths, without jaws, without faces … The two biggest and horrifying battles of the World War I are the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme. John Keegan, a military historian in his interview tells about the Battle of Somme It was the biggest barrage that had ever been. So, they were firing over 100,000 shells a day; relentless, relentless banging and booming of this tremendous bombardment. So loud, you could hear it in England, if the wind was in the right direction (60 or 70 miles away). Over million soldiers were killed on both sides only in a single battle of Somme during 116. The second biggest battle of Verdun was fought at the cost of the French Army, and it is often compared to a sausage machine, because 15,000 Frenchman died. The human kind had never sees such battles throughout the whole history, with so many losses, which was quite shockfull experience for the soldiers who fought the First World War. This war resulted shortages in practically everything, and rising prices. By the end of 116 America was still not involved in the war. Fateful year of 117 marked the beginning of the modern world. Several important events took place in 117. First and the most important event was the Russian Revolution and the rise of a Communist Power in the World. The same year America enters the war against Germany. Two great non-European leaders with two different ideas of what is good for humanity emerge, and the European History becomes a World History. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, who was hiding in Switzerland at that time, was helped by some German agents to be able to go to Russia in a sealed train. Germans helped Lenin, because they knew that if the Revolution occurs, the war with Russia would eventually finish. As a matter of fact Lenin and the Bolsheviks takes over the country on November 7, 117. Everything that was planned by Germans came true and Russians made peace with Germany. The Western front was the only show in town, and Germans moved all their power from Eastern to a Western Front to break through the line of the enemy.In March of 118 Russia signed a treaty in Brest-Litovsk which put a formal end to the war and agreed to stop fighting. Russia was also forced to give up some of its land to the enemy. The war that was supposed to be over by Christmas seemed endless; however, in 118, after great Franco-American Offensive Germany gave up, and became a liberal Republic. It happened at 1100 am, on November 11, after 4 years and over 8 million military deaths on both sides. Germany agreed to President Wilsons 14 points, issued in January 118 where Germany agreed no to have secret treaties with other countries, most importantly to end submarine warfare and to free the seas, to give up their colonial claims and etc. Germany also had to take the responsibility for the cause of the Great War and accordingly pay reparations to Allies. By signing the treaty Germany also agreed to disarm, and give up the colonies. The world war one had tremendous consequences on the world. World War I killed fewer victims than World War II, destroyed fewer buildings, and uprooted millions instead of tens of millions, but in many ways it left even deeper scars both on the mind and on the map of Europe. The Old World never recovered from a shock. According to many historians, and in particular Edmond Tailor the trench warfare was the cruelest among all wars since the Ice Age. The reason why historians think that way is because the people of the XIX and early XX century were not ready to this kind of war. People were very optimistic about the future with all the great inventions. The last twenty years of the 1th Century, say 1880 to 100, those years were characterized by an immense optimism. It was thought that public health, invention, the telegraph, the telephone, ultimately the wireless and the radio, were going to civilize human life in a way that it had never been civilized before. And, then, all of a sudden, what happens is ghastly war breaks out and spoils everything. The inventions that were supposed to improve the standards of living for humanity in fact made the war more tragic. The age that died in 114 was a brilliant one - so extravagant in its intellectual and aesthetic endowments that we who have come after can hardly believe in its reality. In Eric Remarques novel All Quite on the Western Front one can clearly see what war had done to the people, especially to the young generation who fought it. The soldiers who fought in the Great War often lost their interest in life. The only significance in the lives of the soldiers was comradeship. Eric Remarque also mentions in his novel what was the opinion of the soldiers about the progress, We are not youth any longer. We dont want to take the world by storm. We are fleeing. We fly from ourselves. From our life. … The first bomb, the first explosion, burst in our hearts. We are cut off from activity, from striving, from progress. We believe in such things no longer, we believe in the war. That was the mentality of the soldier of the Great War. Nothing in the world meant anything to a soldier, other than the war. Remarque also shows in his novel how meaningless was the war for the soldier. There is a place in the novel were Paul kills a French soldier, and feels very guilty about it. It shows one more time how artificial was the cause of the war. There was no real cause why German would hate a Frenchmen and voiceovers. Erik Remarque shows that when Paul talks to a dead French soldier where he says, Comrade, to-day you to-morrow me. But if I come out of it, comrade, I will fight against this, that has struck us both down; from you, taken life-and from me-? Life also. Despite being alive, Paul considers his life without any meaning after all the horrible experiences of the war. All people who came out of the First World War were either physically or psychologically wounded. The impact of the First World War is still with us. In many respects the events of modern Europe are a direct result of what happened in 114 -11. Had there be a World War I, of course have been no Second… Adolph Hitler himself was a product of the First World War. World War I also gave Lenin an opportunity to overthrow the government in Russia and proclaim communism.

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