Breaking the Myth of Madame Butterfly

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Breaking the Myth of Madame Butterfly, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Breaking the Myth of Madame Butterfly paper at affordable prices with custom writing service! Giacomo Puccini the Italian composer presented to the Western world the most famous geisha of all Cio-Cio San, also known as Madame Butterfly. The image of geisha was formed during Japan's feudal past. Geisha was traditionally men and served as physical and mental relief to battle warriors. The role of geisha has been dominated by women for the past 50 years and has served relief to career-driven businessmen. Geisha means ¡°artist and a geisha's manner of appearance, conversation, party-hosting and sexual performance is considered as an art form. They are helped to dress in their traditional kimonos and spend long hours powdering their faces white with kabuki make-up and appleblood-red lipstick. Geisha was revered not only in Japan but also fascinated in Western culture. Their image in the West as an exotic seductress skilled in the Kama Sutra arts of pleasing men is part of the European-American cultural stereotype of the Oriental perpetuated by French navy expeditions. Pierre Loti's Madame Chyrsantheme is such an example. Puccini's Madame Butterfly portrays Cio-Cio San as a tragic figure whose art to please Pinkerton results in the self-sacrifice of her life. Most Caucasian men, including Gallimard, have a strong fascination toward Madame Butterfly because it satisfies the Western man's fantasy of being a powerful exploiter who can abuse an Oriental woman's love cruelly. In another word, by dominating the Oriental woman the Westerners feel the power of being a man.Therefore, when Gallimard first sees Song singing the lines of the death scene from Madame Butterfly, he says, ¡° I believed this girl. I believed her suffering. I wanted to take her in my arms--- so delicate, even I could protect her, take her home, pamper her until she smiled (Hwang, 15). Gallimard feels Madame Butterfly played by Song, an Oriental woman, is more convincing than that played by the Western huge woman with ¡°bad makeup . He thinks that Song lets him for the first time see ¡°the beauty of the story . It is obvious that Gallimard is greatly attracted by Madame Butterfly performed by Song. He is beginning to fantasize him to be Pinkerton and models Song on his Madame Butterfly. Song seizes that she holds a certain fantasy for Gallimard. As an actor in Peking Opera, Gallimard is her greatest acting challenge. Therefore, Song takes advantage of Gallimard's mentality and creates the character and information that Gallimard wants to read into his fantasy of dominance. In later meetings when Song pretends to be inferior to Gallimard, he feels greatly delighted. However, Gallimard contains his urge to visit Song and begins to work ¡°like a dynamo . Such a stoic attitude creates illusions, as in most male fantasies of power, ¡° I feel for the first time that rush of power--- the absolute power of being a man (Hwang, ). The power of being a man is associated with sexual dominance. As a boy of twelve, upon seeing his uncle's girlie magazines, he reacts in this way, ¡°my body shook. Not with lust--- no, with power. Here were women--- a shelfful--- who would do exactly as I want (Hwang, 10). However, she will do what he wants only in his fantasy; of course, this is not enough. His life in the West has been a disappointment. He marries his wife Helga who is older than himself, yet her father is an ambassador to Australia, thus to some extent, he marries her in order to ¡°settle for a quick leap up the career ladder and he admits ¡°passion, I banish, and in its place--- practicality (Hwang, 14). Moreover, his elder wife once persuades him to see Dr. Bolleart because she wants to have a baby but the doctor says that there is nothing wrong with her. Absolutely, her persuasion greatly hurts Gallimard's self-dignity and his masculinity. Of course, Gallimard could never feel the power of being a man from his elder wife. Neither could he feel such power from his Western lover. His first sexual experience with Isabelle, he is actually raped even though he says he enjoyed it. Owing to these, he can't help linking his ideal woman with Puccini's Madame Butterfly. After meeting Song, he begins to model Song on his Madame Butterfly. He ¡°seems oblivious that he is inventing a character for her (Kehde, 44). To some extent, Gallimard fantasizes him to be that cruel white man while his Chinese lover to be his Madame Butterfly. Song recognizes his fantasy and tactfully surrenders to Gallimard by several letters, which announces Gallimard's ¡°victory

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¡°Song Six weeks have passed since last we met¡­ Is this your practice--- to leave friends in the lurch? Sometimes I hate myself, but I always miss you.Song Your rudeness is beyond belief. I don't deserve this cruelty. Don't bother to call. I'll have you turned away at the door.Song I am out of words. I can hide behind dignity no longer. What do you want? I have already given you my shame (Hwang, 5) The deception of Song's words emerge precisely from the way her words are said, ¡°I don't deserve this cruelty recalls the myth of ¡° the cruel white man . Song's claim that she hates Gallimard yet misses him recalls Gallimard of Madame Butterfly, who makes Pinkerton her whole world. Song's letters let Gallimard feel that he has ¡°gained power over a beautiful Oriental woman . In the play, we discover that Gallimard is most likely infertile. His wife, Helga, asks him to go to see the doctor, and Gallimard, fearing this additional threat to his fragile manhood, refuses. One of the most brilliant elements of Song's deception occurs when she presents Gallimard with a child, thus enforcing his fantasy of being a powerful, fertile male. After Gallimard feels that he has gained power over Song, the beautiful submissive Oriental woman, like Pinkerton, he decides to ¡°abuse it cruelly (Hwang, 6). Thus, he has love affairs with Renee, a Denish student, who is a Western liberated woman. She interrogates Gallimard on the rationalization for male power system. Gallimard feels uncomfortable with Renee. He doubts, ¡°It is possible for a woman to be too uninhabited, so as to seem almost too¡­ masculine? (Hwang, 54). Renee, the Western liberated woman to some extent serves a foil to Song as the Oriental submissive woman. Song's existence once and again reinforces Gallimard's dignity as a man. She knows more or less about his affair with another woman, but she does not quarrel with him directly. Gallimard imagines Song's suffering in the same way Madame Butterfly feels Pinkerton's unfaithfulness. ¡°She would cry, alone in those widely soft sleeves, once full of possessions, now empty to collect her tears. It was her tears and her silence that excited me, every time I visited Renee (Hwang, 56). ¡°Gallimard would never dare treat his wife or his girlfriend in such abusive ways--- perhaps because he knows he would never make them suffer as he imagines Song Liling suffers (Kehde, 4). He is greatly caught up in his fantasy of being Pinkerton, a powerful exploiter. He never thinks that his myth of Madame Butterfly results in ruins. At the end of the play, when Song strips before Gallimard and forces him to see the physical body, Gallimard says in despair, ¡°No! Stop! I don't want to see! (Hwang, 87). He doesn't want to face the reality. Gallimard assumes that Song is a woman because to Western eyes Song is wearing women's clothing and displaying ¡°feminine characteristics. Gallimard's intoxication with ¡°her image is really the love for the image he has created for ¡°her as much as the one Song has created for him. Gallimard loves a different body from the one Song stripes to show him because it is formed of truths that are different from those that he wants to believe. He loves a woman created by a man. ¡°What I loved was a lie (Hwang, 8). Gallimard's ignorance helps to make Song's lie more effective. Female impersonators exemplified by Song Liling's vocation, are a time-honored convention of Peking Opera in China. This theatrical tradition is built on the ambivalence of actor/actress's gender. Having perfected the stylized performance of a certain type of characters, one is able to transform himself or herself into the opposite sex while never forgetting the true identity of the player, the Chinese audience is content to suspend disbelief and accept androgyny as part of the theatre experience. In a particularly effective scene between Song and Comrade Chin, Song asks and answers her own question about, ¡°Why, in the Peking Opera, are all women's roles played by men? ¡­ Only a man knows how a woman is supposed to act (Hwang, 6). Song recognizes what Gallimard wants to see and, as an experienced actor, carries out the lie. Later in the French court, Song explains her sexual relationship with Gallimard, ¡° he never saw me completely naked ¡­I did all the work ¡­ I suppose he might have wondered why I was always on my stomach. ¡­ It was my job to make him think I was a woman (Hwang, 81). Only at the end of the play does Gallimard recognize Song's ¡°job and realize that he has loved and been manipulated by an impersonator. Gallimard's myth of Madame Butterfly is completely broken when Song shows the biological identity in front of him.

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Intervention of U.S in Latin America

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American foreign policy since the late 1th century had been aggressive and nationalistic. As a colonial power with increasingly valuable investments outside the country, the United Sates became more and more involved in international affairs. The United States constantly intervened in the affairs of Latin America for there economic, commercial and other benefits.

The main reasons which led the United States to intervention were that it feared the Spanish, Russians and the other European countries might gain control of Latin America. In order to protect its own interest in issued the Monroe Doctrine of 18 which instructed the European nations to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, while the US remained virtually impregnable to foreign attack. The Monroe Doctrine eventually became one of the foundations of U.S. policy in Latin America. Secondly the Spanish American War became the turning point in the American Foreign Policy. After the war the United States was set on the path of a modern non-aristocratic empire which was chiefly oriented towards commercial and monetary gain. As a result the U.S. foreign policy was directed primarily in the pursuit of export markets.

After the Spanish American war many polices were implemented and actions were taken by the U.S. in order to promote U.S. intervention in Latin America. T. Roosevelt believed in using force to implore U.S. policies. In the effort he made the U.S. an international police force and declared that the U.S. would intervene when ever it feels necessary and will also protect its investments from other imperialist countries. This was known as the Big Stick Diplomacy of Roosevelt. An example of his meaning in this statement was when Canada wanted the Alaskan land that America owned, they were fighting over the boundaries because of gold found in the area, Roosevelt simply stated that if the boundaries would change, there would be serious consequences. Because of his problem solving method, Roosevelt was known to use Big Stick diplomacyAs conditions were becoming a bit worse for the U.S. Roosevelt, Franklin Delano established the Good Neighbor Policy which greatly improved international relations. It literally meant that the U.S. would no longer intervene in Latin America to protect private American property interests.

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Taft's Dollar diplomacy, in which Taft tried to substitute economic force in stead of military force as a result it expanded U.S. investment and stabilized them, Wilson's Moral Diplomacy, Big Stick Diplomacy, Good Neighbor Policy some way or the other clearly show that the U.S. was chiefly directed towards monetary and commercial gains and in the steps of becoming a world power.

The U.S carried out many interventions in the Latin America and it has been said that it is its Backyard. The United States intervened in Cuba on the basis of the Teller Amendment (188) according to which the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba. The amendment permitted the United States to unilaterally intervene in Cuba if it felt its interests were threatened. This amendment was not abrogated until 14. The end of Spains empire signified the rise of the U.S. Empire in the Caribbean. U.S. economic interests in Cuba were huge by the beginning of the war (Cuban independence war from Spain), more than 80 percent of the islands sugar industry was controlled by the United States. Following the Teller the Plat Amendment was put into action. This amendment prohibited Cuba from entering into any foreign agreement, it also allowed the US to intervene whenever she saw it fit, and allowed the US to set up naval bases in Cuba. This was set up to protect the $50 million worth of US investment in Cuba. In the year 104 Roosevelt created the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine justified U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American nations in order to ensure the stability and solvency of Latin America. An example of this interference was the American intervention in Haiti when it was not wanted. In 115 President Woodrow Wilson sent the United States Marines into Haiti following after which in the year 116, Congress ratified a treaty that would allow the US ten years of control over Haiti to maintain order and give political and economic assistance. Later in the year 118 a Haitian constitution favorable to the U.S. commercial interest was ratified.

America's domination of the Caribbean was illustrated when it decided to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, which at that time belonged to Colombia. When the Colombian senate refused to allow the canal, in 10, Roosevelt encouraged and abetted a revolution that separated Panama from Colombia. As a result the new nation agreed to let the canal construction proceed and it was opened in 114. Just because the U.S would gain economical benefits by building the canal it intervened in Colombia and by giving Panama its independence it found its way out. This clearly shows that the U.S was chiefly directed to economical gains and benefits.

The first U.S. intervention in Nicaragua occurred in 10 when Marines were sent to support a revolt against Liberal general. The Marines continued to be used when deemed necessary until 1. During this period U.S. economical and commercial interests in Nicaragua grew rapidly, and many Nicaraguans increasingly resented what they viewed as unnecessary intrusion by U.S. forces. This is one of the primary ways in which U.S. intervened in most of the countries, In the beginning when the country was involved in a revolt and crisis the U.S would intervene and help the country to get through its crisis. Then it would establish its own control for economical and commercial benefit and exploit the country's resources and gain tremendous profits.

In 11 Wilson's tendency toward moral self-righteousness showed itself when he refused to recognized the government of Mexico because it was headed by a man whom he considered to be a murderer. When Wilson tried to use U.S. navy to block arms shipment to Mexico, several incidents took place as a result the U.S, seized Vera Curz.

Many a times the U.S. has intervened in the affairs of the Latin American countries in order to protect its interest, for monetary gains and in the process of becoming a world power.

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Australian Culture in Fly Away Peter

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"Fly Away Peter" is a short novel written by David Malouf in 18, set in 114 in Queensland, Australia, where two young men, an Australian and an Englishman go to war and experience the horrors and misery of World War One. The book deals with various Australian cultures and identities which cover patriotism, war, and Australia-England relationships.

David Malouf brings his representation of patriotism in Australian culture to life in the early chapters of Fly Away Peter. His idea that Australia was a young but patriotic nation in 114, when the book was set, is seen when he introduces a minor character, a young girl in chapter 6, which in many ways, reflects the ordinary people within that society period. When she meets Jim in Brisbane in a shoe shop, she asks if Jim is going to join the army, and when Jim asks why, she passionately and patriotically says to Jim ‘If I was a man I'd want to be in it [War].'

At first, the strong patriotism of Australians seems to be shown in positive light in ‘Fly Away Peter', however in depth it seems that Malouf tries to create a negative view. His representation of patriotism shows how it can influence a person's life, and in this case it is the influence of Jim's decision whether to join up to fight the war. The girl's initial words, ‘I reckon you'll be joining up' is what plants ‘the seed of excitement' in Jim. On page 6, "When he stepped out….. beginning of a stampede" this passage indicates that something is going to happen in Jim's life. The patriotism that suddenly fills the streets of Brisbane affects Jim and persuades him to drop his passion for bird watching and go fight the war, which through the book the reader certainly knows will not suit his particular character. Malouf expresses negative concern and further enhances his view making references to the ‘slope' and ‘stampede' to indicate that Jim's decision is not totally under his individual control.

Malouf makes an accurate representation of the sort of atmosphere surrounding 114-118, and through historical sources it can be confirmed that the nation was indeed proud, patriotic, and perhaps even too patriotic. Looking at the extract taken from the Museum of Victoria of a letter written by the Senior Mistress of Ballarat High School in 115, "Every Australian womans heart this week is filling with pride, with exultation, …… Boys, you have honoured our land…", it is seen that the nation were so proud and joyous for those who went to represent Australia in the war. When ‘Fly Away Peter' was published, 18, the world was in the middle of seeing the Iran-Iraq War (180-188) being played out over border disputes and religious and political differences. Not only this but Australia and the world had just been through the Second World War (17-145). Through his book, Malouf is able to show how patriotism of a nation could have so much influence over a person's life, as to go to war and see the horrors and deaths caused by war. He is able to show a different perspective, a negative one, of the results of patriotism through the vivid imagery in his book, which intends to deter the people from entering another war at the time of the book publication.

Leading on from patriotism, the book revolves around the theme of war. It takes the Anzac culture of battles, young boys, and diseases in trenches, and weaves it into a different perspective of Australian Anzac culture. Malouf makes a graphic retelling of the war scenes through the eyes of two young men, Jim Sadler and Ashley Crowther, creating his own Anzac ‘myth'.

Malouf's recreation of new Anzac images reflects this aspect of Australian culture in a negative way. In the opening of chapter 1, the author already starts painting graphical images through his descriptive use of words. "The air, even at knee height, was deadly.. breathless .. his head numb with noise… scrambled… crawling, moving on their knees, squirming at corpse level" The extracts from the passages highlights the danger, grueling conditions, and harsh environments of war. The language used is able to give the reader the sense that the characters are caught in the middle of destruction and chaos. Malouf brings a morbid atmosphere in this chapter by using words such as ‘bellies burst, swollen, corpses, unburied etc', which enhances the readers imagination with a sickening gut feeling. Obviously, in this chapter, it is realized that it certainly does not reflect the Anzac battles as heroic or glorious, but rather as filthy and dangerous.

This negative representation of Australian's war culture is indeed accurate, because referring to statistics of the Gallipoli war, a total of 870 Australian soldiers lost their lives which include those who died in action, died of wounds, and those who died of disease. Malouf clearly depicts all these aspects in his negative view of our war culture, through the examples of soldiers blown apart on the battlefields, and the disturbing descriptions of the dirty trenches. Through his portrayal of our war culture, his message becomes clear even as the world moves into the 1st century. Malouf tries to say ‘no' to war, ‘no' to retaliation, ‘no' to violence, and looking at the example of September 11th's twin tower tragedy, his message in ‘Fly Away Peter' tells us to not engage in another war to retaliate, as this would lead once again to countless casualties.

Throughout ‘Fly Away Peter', there is an underlying cultural aspect that Malouf deals with, which is the relationships and ties between Australia and its mother country England. The bond between Australia and England is shown through the two protagonists, Jim Sadler and Ashley Crowther. Naïve and innocent Jim Sadler, is a stereotypical working class Australian youth, while Ashley Crowther is the Cambridge educated English gentlemen. Within the early chapters, Malouf already establishes the social class difference between the Jim and Ashley; Ashley is not only well educated, but shows he has an interest for the finer things in life in that he is a highly talented pianist and has an affection for waistcoats and watch chains.

It is possible to say that Malouf subtly accompanies negative connotation with the representation of the Australian-English ties through the two characters. Ashley Crowther is the wealthy land owner of the bird sanctuary, and employs Jim to work for him as a bird observer. This suggests slightly that an Australian is inferior to an Englishman. Furthermore, from the quote "They had always had in mind a picture they had brought from ‘home' page 11", Ashley Crowther constantly refers England as ‘home', and viewing Australia as a nation stemmed from England. And as a result other older Crowthers regard the Australian bush as alien, and presumably inferior to the English countryside.

Historically, Malouf's portrayal of Australians being a lower class is accurately represented. Australians originally were English convicts that were sentenced and sent to Australia as labourers. This is where the idea that Australians are a lower working class presumably comes from. This stereotype Australian idea has been present for a long time, and is evident in the society when the book was published (18). From a British satirical magazine ‘Private Eye', there are examples from the Barry McKenzie comic strip, which ran for years (16-18), lampooning the worst traits of an Aussie on the loose in Europe. This clearly shows how a lot of Europeans view Australians the way that is depicted subtly in ‘Fly Away Peter'. Another example which further shows the way society viewed Australians in 18, is in an extract from a book called ‘The Typical Australian' where it classifies Australians as barbaric, loud-mouthed, ignorant, uncultured, and hopelessly provincial. Although Malouf represents Australians in this way, both Jim and Ashley are able to work together and create a strong friendship despite different classes, which has intentions to show society that no matter what backgrounds people come from, people can work together if they share the same passion, and in this book it is the passion for birds.

In conclusion, David Malouf creates a new perspective of Australia's involvement in the war and relations with Europe, which is portrayed negatively. He presents the opinion that Australia should not ever take part in another war, and depicts of horrors and misery of the war as a deterrent.

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Bladerunner

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Bladerunner. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Bladerunner paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Bladerunner, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Bladerunner paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Bladerunner, directed by Englishmen Ridley Scott is a science fiction film, which explores the idea of humans and non-humans locked in battle, each, driven by necessity for survival in a futuristic world where life in any shape or form seems constantly under threat. Rick Deckard (acted out by Harrison Ford) and Roy Batty (acted out by Rutger Hauer) are two major characters in this feature film, Bladerunner characterised and depicted as being neither god nor bad.Harrison Ford plays Rick Deckard, a detective who is forced to put up an insensitive wall around him so as to carry out his job properly. The seriousness, the no-sense speech and the mechanical execution of his tasks all contribute to this image of a tough guy cop. He is portrayed as neither being a "goody" or a "baddy". Many shots and camera angles of him are at eye level, which indicate a "good cop". This is especially exemplified in the opening few minutes of the film. Deckard is sitting on a bench, reading a paper and says, "They don't advertise for killers in the newspaper. That was my profession, ex-cop, ex-bladerunner, ex-killer." Here the audience and the viewer begin to understand and learn that Deckard is supposed to be a good character because he used to be a cop. This is because police and cops are there to protect the society from harm and danger and this is what enables the viewer to think that Deckard is a "goody". The densely populated and crowded city around where Deckard is sitting also demonstrates this, because it shows him fitting in and blending with society.As the film progresses, we see a different side and face of Rick Deckard. In the nightclub, Zhora (a replicant) asks him to zip her up, then attacks him. There follows a chase sequence during which Deckard catches glimpses of Zhora, but cant get a clear shot. When he does, he shoots her in the back several times, sending her crashing through panes of glass. The technique of slow motion clips and skip frames in this particular scene, represents the replicants desperation to live, exist and have a life. Here, the viewer is encouraged to see Deckard in a different light. His act of murder and assassination of an unarmed female has lead to this outcome. This evil and villainous act by Deckard has now encouraged the viewer to see him as a "baddy". Taking the life of a female who was unarmed, desperate to live and exist is very inhumane. Only evil and bad characters in films and movies are given such tasks. Shooting a female several times and sending her crashing through panes of glass also illustrate this.This example is again exemplified in the next few scenes, where Deckard goes to J.F.Sebastians apartment and finds Pris. Pris is another replicant, who is very naïve and seems to be the least developed of all the replicants and therefore very much like a flower. As Rick Deckard is searching through J.F.Sebastians apartment, Pris wears a veil and hides herself amongst the dolls. Pris, trying to save her life and live, attempts to strangle Deckard between her legs and kill him. Rick Deckard again shoots Pris, flailing and screaming in a last protest against death.

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If Deckard was a "good character", he would have captured Pris and Zhora, not shot them, but to teach them the proper path to life. Shooting two unarmed women, who are protecting themselves, is a very evil and villainous act. Near the end Deckard rushes to his apartment to find Rachael, who is another replicant. He desperately and seriously asks her, "Do you love me? Do you trust me?" Here we see again the good side of Rick Deckard. This also substantiated when Deckard and Rachael begin to hug and kiss each other, showing their true emotions and feelings to one another. The viewer now begins to understand that Rick Deckard is neither characterised as being "good" nor "bad" because in real life there is no such thing as one being "good" or one being "bad" and that is what this film, Bladerunner is underlining.Rutger Hauer the replicant Roy Batty. His quiet voice makes him the perfect super sub-human replicant. His hair is died white, his body and face is always lit up to prominence, and almost always the image is shot from underneath, making him look surrealistically handsome and at the same time imposing. Roy Batty's character also shows that he is neither good nor bad. When Batty is in Tyrell's apartment he quotes, "Its not an easy thing to meet your maker…I want more life," he demands passionately. This opening sentence creates Roys character and his evil self. His demand and his demand for more life for himself enables the viewer to learn about the typical characteristic of a "baddy" in him, in wanting everything for himself. Tyrell then quotes, "the light that burns twice as bright, burns half as long," explaining to him that it is beyond his capability to give him more life. Roy then kisses Tyrell and kills him by crushing his skull and pushing his eyes out with his bare hands. This again exemplifies his barbaric act of evil.Roy's acts of evil are not only shown by his physical strength but also by his mental strength, for example the way he forced Chew and J.F.Sebastian in taking him to Tyrell. Here he was frequently filmed in low angles to make him appear more threatening. Chew and J.F.Sebastian are both short characters compared to Batty and so the camera is always focussed on top of them which enables them to look weak and fragile. This inturn increases the effect of Roy being a "bad" character.As well as showing some bad characteristics, Roy Batty provides the viewers with some goodness. The most memorable instant is the way he moaned for the death of Pris. He is not ashamed to return to the most basic instinct of openly showing emotions of sadness and love. The viewers are encouraged to feel for Roy, as hie love dies and moves further apart from him. We, the viewers, begin to understand his character more with his desire for "more life", so that replicants and humans can live together. His emotions and yelling's deeply show this and so we see him in a different light. The next most important instant, which proves his desire for more life and goodness, is when he saves Rick Deckard. Even though Deckard had killed two replicants, Zhora and Pris (his lover), Roy Batty saved him from falling off the building. Roy Batty released a white dove to commemorate his death that he most likely learned to accept and appreciate. Here the viewer is encouraged greatly to see the good side of Roy Batty. Realising the importance and preciousness of life and existence Batty saved another ones life.This futuristic film Bladerunner, deals with characters that are neither good nor bad, as exemplified by Rick Deckard (played by Harrison Ford) and Roy Batty (played by Rutger Hauer). This is to show the behaviour of humans in the real world, they are neither good nor bad. There are no good nor bad characters in this film Bladerunner because each character in this film is doing the right thing. For example Rick Deckard is trying to protect the society from the replicants believing that they are dangerous. Roy Batty in the other hand and the other replicants are trying to find a way to increase their length of life and live longer then four years. Both of these arguments are fair and so there is no "goody" or "baddy" in Bladerunner.

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Cuban Economy

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Central-Planning policies applied on CubaThe centrally planning policy started in Cuba many years ago. When Fidel Castro in July of 15 started the revolution with Ernesto "Che" Guevara they started what in a few years will become a centrally planned country. This revolutions itself was an "attacked planned revolution" and for this we can see that the signs of a centrally planned system started to appear. In this investigations we will see the characteristics of Cuba when emerging as a socialist country with a very clear economic system and also the development of the main policies carried until now.When Fidel Castro assumed the leadership of the Revolutionary Government it was clear that a new socialist system was going to implanted in Cuba. The Revolutionary Government (15-16) confirmed the first signs of going towards a centrally planned system when their first action during their government was to redistribute much of the land and material wealth of the country. For many people in the lower class they was being seen a sign of improving but nevertheless the middle and upper classes suffer due to this new economic policy. Heavy subsidies and monetary injections from the Soviet Union led the Cuban people to experience a per capita average growth rate of .8%. Also more than .5 million acres once owned by United States investors were turned into large state-owned farms. With the nationalization, the nature of the Cuban economy was fundamentally altered. Today, Cuba continues to lag far behind the rest of Latin America in economic performance.A clear characteristic that tells us about the existence of the centrally planned system in Cuba were the first reforms that Castro applied during the revolutionary government. Most of them were quite successful due to the intervention of the USSR and the great strategy settled up by Castro. In economic terms, the first reform that shows us the centrally planned economy was to buy heavy machinery for the state ( this new technology was bought from the USSR) This new machinery helped the Cuban economy due to the dependence on the sugar production was reduced.

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Another sign of the centrally planned system were the following steps taken by the leader of the Cuba. After buying new machinery, in course of the years 160 and 161 he nationalized foreign enterprises. Although he offered long terms bonds in return he didn't respect the human right of ownership (a clear sign of the idea that the government should be the organizer of the economy) After sometime this brought problems with the United States of America due to many American sugar mills were also nationalized.In April of 161, Castro announced that the revolution was officially a socialist one. Then he took the model of the Soviet Union to be applied it into Cuba. Castro shows us that he applied a centrally planned economy due to he first started a heavy national educational program which involve giving free education for all the potential students in Cuba ( the majority of the Curriculum was analyzed by the government) Also in the year 16 he improved the health system in Cuba and increased the quality of life of the lower classes at that time. Another sign that shows us the centrally planned system in Cuba was its relation to the United States of America. As usual this two economical system were confronted because of the different characteristics of their economies. President Kennedy (after a failed invasion to Cuba) got a lot popularity for taking a "strong stand against Communism" . In the other hand the international relations that Cuba had with other communist system are also a prove that this system was applied in this country. Castro improved the relations with China (also a centrally planned country) and therefore adopted many of the reforms that were applied by the Chinese government in that country.In the mid 160 Cuba increased it sugar production by the reform of the government that decided to set up an specific target. As any other centrally planned country, Cuba set up its target and the sugar production increase to 8.5 tons in 170. (! The highest level of production Cuba had ever attempted was 6. tons in 15) Because of this Cuba started to assume a leadership role among Third World countries. Other characteristics of the Cuban economy that can show us the centrally planned systems are the way in which Castro reformed the centrally planned economy in the 170s. He noticed that the Cuban economy was weak and decide to look up for improvements in the centrally planned economy. The signs of this improvements in the economy are when decided to direct the system to the masses. As in any centrally planned economy the population was brought into a more important level. Castro emphasized the incentives to the workers and introduced practical ideas such as giving memberships to the population to form part of "government-controlled mass organizations". During these year Castro stretched his relations with the Soviet block and this help him to improved the economy by reducing the shortages in the markets.Castro showed a lot of preoccupation for the educations of the children towards building into them socialist values. He encouraged many policies to build up new schools and published books that focused on the loyalty towards the revolution. Despite this, in the 180, Castro decide to open a little bit and experiment with economic liberalism. This is going to start a slow transition to a mixture of a centrally planned economy and a free market one.In the 10's , after the dissolution of the USSR and the unfavorable policy against Cuba settled up by Bush , Castro knew that he had to set up really hard centrally planned policies if he wanted to maintain the Cuban economy in good conditions. He applied many restrictions towards food, energy and public services ( main characteristics in a centrally planned country). Moreover he added a little of economic liberalism in the economy by re-opening the enterprise of tourism and also the international trade between the state-controlled enterprises. Despite the good intentions of this measures they didn't work and resentment started to growth against the government. (usual consequence if the other economic factors aren't considered in a centrally planned economy) ()By 15, the Cuban economy had begun a process of recovery but I has been un-even and the economy has not returned to the pre-crisis level. Cuba's economy has suffered due to the economic slowdown of 001. Castro has said that in order to strengthen again the Cuba's economy human development has to be emphasized , expanding and diversifying exports should also be carried out. In conclusion , we can see that Cuba is a very clear example of how the centrally planned economy is carried out. We can see that the government itself it's the one that manages all the resources and impose laws. Fidel Castro's government had had many advantages for the Cuban economy but as we have seen after loosing the support of the Soviet Union he had to introduce some liberalism to the economy. Despite this we could say that the economic system right now in Cuba is a mixed one. Another conclusion that we can arrive is that a centrally planned economy suffers a lot if others factors in the economy of other countries change drastically as in the economic slowdown of 001.Eye contact posture, don't do distracting movementsGestures (make them smooth)The use of the voice volume, inflexion, vary the speedEnthusiasm liveliness, meaning what you are saying, you got to be interested in the topicsConfidence and Self- Control Learning how to write a good lab report is like learning to ride a bike. Once you've figured it out, you can do it over and over again. Writing good lab reports is very important in IB as they make out a big part of your final grades in the science subjects. The key to writing a good lab report is to find out what is asked for and include all those parts in your report. Here are some steps to follow

Introduction1. First you should give the aim of the investigation. It should be clear and concise. If the teacher states the aim you shouldn't just copy that down, you need to change it to get a full score.

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Timmy

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Timmy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Timmy paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Timmy, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Timmy paper at affordable prices with custom writing service! The University of Florida

The University of Florida was established in 106. In 185 the state had funded the East Florida Seminary and took over the Kingsbury Academy in Ocala. They then moved the Seminary to Gainesville in the 1860's. It was later consolidated with the state's land grant, Florida Agricultural College then they moved it to Lake city. Then in 105 by the legislative actions they took the college had became a university. That is when it changed to the University of Florida. The classes had started out with around 10 students on the campus on September 6, 106. The University had finally opened its doors to the women in 147. So up to that date the college had been strictly boy men. With more than 46,000 students now, UF is one of the top five largest Universities in the nation.

In the year of 001 the enrollment list counted up to 46,515 students. That count included 40,4 in-state students that strolled in for all around in Florida. There were ,700 international students representing 100 different countries. There were the other remaining students coming in from the other 4 states. The ratio between the women and men was 548. About 7 percent of the enrolled students were undergraduates. 1 percent were graduates and the other 7 percent were in professional degree programs. Those programs had included (dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy, and veterinary medicine.) 7. percent of the student population is African American students, .6 is Hispanic student and about 6.8 percent is Asian/American or Pacific Islander students.In 11, Hitler moved to Munich, and when the war began volunteered in a Bavarian regiment, earning the rank of Corporal and awarded the Iron Cross. After the war, Hitler was a member of the Freikorps, and in 11 joined the German Workers party that would become the NSDAP or Nazi party.

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In 1, Hitler with Ernst Roehm who had formed the paramilitary SA brownshirts in the Nazi Party, sought to take over the Bavaria government in the Beer Hall Putsch of Nov. 8-, but failed and Hitler served months in prison where he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle dictated to Rudolph Hess) that emphasized antisemitism and the expansion of German living space. In 15, Hitler seized leadership of a reorganized and newly-legalized National Socialist German Workers Party. In 1 Hitler led a political campaign against the Young Plan of reparations payments. In the May 5 elections of 1, Hindenburg defeated Hitler 5% to 7% for the presidency, but there was no majority in the Reichstag for any party; in the July1 elections the Nazis won 0 seats with 7% of the vote and became the largest German party, but dropped to % in the Nov. 6 elections; Dec. 1, Kurt von Schleicher replaced Franz von Papen as Chancellor but instability increased. Hitler made Chancellor Jan. 0, 1, with the help of von Papen, and sought revision of Versailles system by immediately beginning a rearmament program with the support of industrialists such as Alfred Hugenberg and Gustav Krupp (who by April agreed to remove Jewish workers from his factories), and a public works program announced at the Feb. 11 International Automobile and Motor-Cycle Exhibition in Berlin, to build autobahns with 600,000 workers and make a Volksauto for less than 1000 marks. In the March 5, 1 elections, the National Socialist German Workers Party won 4.% and 88 of 647 seats in the Reichstag. The Malicious Practices Act of March 1, 1, began the mass arrests of communists and socialists, the Dauchau concentration camp was set up March in a former powder milk plant, the Enabling Act March made Hitler dictator and eliminated other parties such as the pro-Catholic Zentrum, radical books were burned May 10. On Sept. 7, 1, the Nazis blamed communists for the Reichstag fire.On Oct. 14, 1 - Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations and the Geneva Disarmament conference. On Jan. 6, 14, Hitler revealed to a shocked Europe a 10-year nonaggression pact with Poland. On June 0, 14, the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler murdered Ernst Rohm and began to eliminate the SA, replacing the old Nazi party brownshirts with Heinrich Himmlers SS and Reinhard Heydrichs SD as state internal security forces. On August , 14, Hindenburg died and Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. On March 1, 15, the Saarland was officially reincorporated into Germany following the plebiscite vote Jan. 1 of 1% in favor. In March 15 Hitler revealed to Europe his military programs, on Mar. 10 Goering announced the existence of the Luftwaffe, on March 16 Hitler announced conscription and a 6-division Wehrmacht, on March 17 proclaimed Heroes Memorial Day as the Beethoven Funeral March was played in the Berlin State Opera House. On April 11, 15, England, France, Italy declared a Stresa Front to defend the boundary agreements of the Locarno Pact of 15, but was toothless. On May , 15, a Franco-Russian alliance was signed to defend against a resurgent Germany. On June 18, 15, the new British government led by recently-elected PM Stanly Baldwin and Foreign Minister Samuel Hoare, preferring negotiation rather than confrontation, signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement to allow the German navy parity at 5% of British navy. On Sept. 10, 15, the annual Nazi party rally began at Nuremberg, featuring the first public display of the Wehrmacht, the announcement of the Flag Law replacing the Kaisers black-red-white horizontal striped flag with the swastika as the nations official symbol, and the announcement of the antisemitic Nuremberg Laws. On March 7, 16, the first German troops crossed the Hohenzollern Bridge in Cologne as Hitler was addressing the Reichstag, and began reoccupation of Rhineland, marking according to Ian Kershaw, the transition in Hitler from Hubris to Nemesis.Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini Mussolini 16 Hailie Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopiafrom ILN 141/0/01 Mussolini and League cartoonfrom Fortune, 16 FDR FDR Ethiopia map 14 - bg Italy map from ILN 140/06/15 Europe map 10- - bg Mediterranean from ILN 141/04/1 - b - top - bott map of The Levant Battleground of the Empire Today from ILN 140/11/16 - LS - bgItaly lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at 186 Battle of Adua · one of the worst colonial disasters of modern history · 5,000 Italians defeated by 100,000 Ethiopians under Menelek who had accepted an Italian protectorate in 188 Treaty of Ucciali to become king. On Dec. 5, 14, a skirmish at Wal Wal (Ualval) involving an Italian garrison 80 miles inside the Ethiopian border was used by Mussolini as a pretext for demanding compensation and preparing for war. Jan. , 15 - Hailie Selassie appeals to League· Mike Cutris Hailie Selassie and Boom Shakas Selassie archiveJan. 7 - Laval agreement with Mussolini - gives him Ethiopia in violation of 106 Anglo-French agreement excluding Italy from Ethiopia Feb. - Italy sends large forces to Ethiopia - only mild protest by Stresa Front June - Anthony Eden, British minister for League Affairs · tries to negotiate with Mussolini but failsOct. , 15, Mussolini ordered the bombing of Adowa by planes and the beginning of the invasion of Ethiopia by Marshal Badoglio Oct. who was authorized to use poison mustard gas and destroy civilian villages. Oct. 5 - FDR invoked Act in Ethiopian conflict, but followed middle-road course· kept separate from League - no strategic materials or oil on embargo list· urged moral embargo on all trade with Italy, but U.S. exports to Italy increased Oct. 7 - League declaredItaly the aggressor Nov. 14 - Tories won Brit election on platform of League sanctions against Ital. aggression Nov. 18 - Leagues sanctions begin · arms embargo, financial embargo, nonimportation of Ital. goods Dec. 10 - secret Hoare-Laval agreement revealed in press · Pierre Laval - swarthy French PM · Samuel Hoare - Brit foreign secy under PM Stanley Baldwin · (Anthony Eden became foreign secy in 17 with PM Neville Chamberlain) Dec. - England concentrated navy at Alexadria - but poorly prepared · England allowedItaly to use Suez Canal Feb. 16 - League could not agree on critical oil sanctions · mainly because FDR refused - U.S. controlled 50% world oil trade Feb. 1 - Senate For. Rel. Comm. approved Thomas 14-month extension bill · not Pittman-McReynolds discretionary bill· not Nye-Clark-Maverick mandatory total trade restriction billFeb. - FDR signed Thomas bill - the 16 Neutrality Act1. mandatory arms embargo with belligerents and new belligerents entering a war in progress. discretionary travel restriction. mandatory ban on loans to belligerents but short-term credits exempt4. American Republics exemptMar. -Apr. 8 - FDR went on Bahama cruise May 5 - Italy occupied Addis Ababa - annexed all Ethiopia May

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Vocational Training

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VOCATIONAL TRAININGMODULE SI 000

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ASSIGNMENT

Explain how communication can be

improved in your organisation.

Sam BeavenINTRODUCTIONThe organisation I work for is Coleg Glan Hafren. The college formally known as Rumney Tech has been an establishment offering training for post 16 candidates for many years.The college is spread over three sites, the main site being in Trowbridge Cardiff, the other two are located near the town centre. As you can imagine communication between these sites is a major factor of the smooth running of the college. Even though we have three sites it is very rare that students have two attend courses at more than one venue, but it is often the case that tutors/ trainers do. The college caters for approx. ,000 full and part time students, during any one year. It offers a range of courses and apprenticeships to all age groups across the board. Mission statement-‘To provide quality education and training at locations, times and in ways which are convenient and appropriate' (Coleg Glan Hafren, 00, p )COMMUNICATIONDefinition ‘an act of communicating that which is communicated intercourse correspondence a means of communicating, means of giving information.'(Chambers- Cambridge, 18, p14)As far as communications is concerned, the college prides itself on contact between students and tutors/trainers. Initially any potential student is invited to what is called an open evening /day, so that they can be introduced to people that are concerned with the course they wish to take.On the first day that a new student attends their course, he or she is presented with a student diary and handbook. The contents of which outline college procedures, locations and policies. A brief discussion concerning these points and other topics within this handbook takes place during the induction lesson (1st scheduled lesson).This initial communication between students and tutors is tried and tested and works for all parties concerned.It is unfortunate that, whilst student- tutor/ trainer communications are very good, it is often the case that communication between tutor and Course co-ordinator and or trainer is very poor, as are inter-departmental communications.All new members of staff are issued with a college booklet outlining policies and procedures. They are also given a departmental handbook, underlining the department role and expectations of the role they are about to commence. This is all well and good, but the fact remains that the information is set out in the booklets, but often not explained and the new employee is left to interoperate the meaning for him or herself. This (in my opinion) is where one of the many communication problems stems from. Good communication should be set up as soon as possible and not taken as read.IMPROVING COMMUNICATIONSIn September 00 the college appointed a new principle, he in turn recognised that there was indeed a problem with communication between the people involved in training/ tutoring the students. Under his direction, all staff members meet once a month to be informed of any new policies or procedures, which may be implemented in the near future. It is at these meetings that any new members of staff are introduced and welcomed to the college. As often happens in a large establishment people working for the same employer do not often know people that they work with unless they work within the same department, these meetings give an opportunity to put a face to the name.Being a relatively new idea of these meetings have yet to have any great impact on communications between staff, but it is my opinion that the meetings will go a long way towards improvement.The problem of communication in a large organisation, in the broader sense, is being addressed, by way of these meetings, but it is unfortunately that departmental communication is still so poor.As is often the case, in a large organisation, the problem of communication has been looked at in the broader sense and not at the core of the problem.Within the college we do indeed, have an internal telephone system and a very efficient postal service. So why are these services not being utilised to improve communications?A good question and one that I feel must be addressed to combat the problem. Let staff know that these systems exist and that they are accessible to all.It is the simplicities in life that always make the big difference in the long run, but as is often the case, the small things are often overlooked in the short term.It is simple enough to take down a message for someone and pass that message on to the person concerned. These two steps do not take much effort but often where communication goes wrong. Simply keeping a pen or pencil and some paper next to the phone can go a long way towards improving communication. That is one way of looking at the problem of communication, the other of course is communication between people within the department. Often where people work closely on a day-to-day basis, there can be friction and small problems can easily be turned into large problems. It is really down to the person in charge of the Department to combat the small problems before they become large problems. This can be achieved with a little time and effort spent observing situations and the way people are behaving. The favourite excuse for not doing this is ‘I dont have time'. The case for good communication between department members much out ways the problem of time, as time can be saved, when good working relations are in place. If a department is running smoothly it will save time and therefore be a positive factor towards departmental performance. The smooth running of any department is based on good communication and a simple 5 or 10 minute meeting once a week can improve communications.Making sure that every staff member within a department feels that they are important to that department goes a long way towards motivation and better performance. Motivation can also lead to many improvements including better communications, productivity and time management. There is no harm in letting someone no that they have done a good job, or praising the positive points within a job not so well done, and suggesting improvements without humiliation. There are ways and means of criticising someone that will make him or her feel they want to do a better job next time (i.e. good communication and motivation).Within a team, every member has to feel that they are a part of that team, however small a part they may play. With good communication between team members you are assured that only positive results would be the reward. The person who opens the letters is just as important as the person who needs to act upon their contents. If this is taken into consideration the next time an important message is left, it will be given to the person concerned with much less delay if that person is told that the role they are playing is a vital part of the smooth running of the Department. Unfortunately this does not often happen within departments, and in many cases is the root of communication problems.CONCLUSIONTaking all above points into consideration, it is my opinion that until communications are improved, with in the different departments, there will always be the problem of staff, time, resource management. The simple idea of making sure that there is a way of taking a message to hand can go a long way towards improvement. The benefits of good staff communication and motivation are numerous and can be achieved in a very simple ways. These ways need not be time-consuming or expensive. The simple introduction of staff meetings can go long way toward improvement in communication, while not disrupting the day-to-day running of the Department. Giving every member of the team an understanding in to why their role is important and what contribution they make can also make a real difference in communication.Improvements in communication could mean the difference between knowing where someone is supposed to be and where they actually are. Without going into too many details, this information could be vital not only for the person concerned but also to others i.e. in the case of fire. Would it not be nice to know, if you were unable to be somewhere, you are confident in the knowledge that someone would pass on any relevant information needed. This may take the form of somebody writing down a phone number for you or rearranging an important meeting that you are unable to attend with little inconvenience or embarrassment to either party involved. As is so often the case today, the importance of communication is often overlooked in todays climate in favour of meeting targets and being cost-effective. It has been proven (in my experience) that if communication is good within any establishment or department, meeting targets and being cost-effective becomes much more of a reality, because your workforce is working together in a much better way. To implement small but effective changes can lead not, only to a positive working environment, but in the long run a more efficient working team.Finally it is most important that you relate how important communication is to all aspects of whatever you are doing. It is helpful to relate this to something that all levels can relate to- how many times have you said ‘I wish I'd known that', or ‘why didn't you tell me'.Communication- the key to success in more ways than one.BIBLIOGRAPHY1.Chambers Cambridge Concise Dictionary. p. 14 (18). Coleg Glan Hafren Student Diary Handbook p. (00)

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