The causes nof WWI

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The First World War had many causes; the historians probably have not yet discovered and discussed all of them so there might be more causes

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than what we know now. The spark of the Great War was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife by a Serbian nationalist on the morning of June 8, 114, while traveling in a motorcade through Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after his ascension to the throne, he would continue the persecution of Serbs living within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had trained a small group of teenage operatives to infiltrate Bosnia and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. It is unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot. However, it was uncovered years later that the leader of the Black Hand was also the head of Serbian military intelligence. In order to understand the complexity of the causes of the war, it is very helpful to know what was the opinion of the contemporaries about the causes of the Great War. In the reprint of the article What Started the War, from August 17, 115 issue of The Clock magazine published on the Internet the author writes It is thought that this war that is been ongoing for over a year, began with the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. However, many other reasons led to this war, some occurring as far back the late 1800s. Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the system of alliances were four main factors that pressed the great powers towards this explosive war. According to the article above, the author stresses that the nationalism was one of the primary causes of the war. In the ninetieth and twentieth centuries, especially after the French Revolution nationalism was becoming a powerful force in Europe so people that had the same culture, language wanted their own country. And that was the problem for the government of Austria-Hungary that did not want to lose their power and control. The Slavs in the southern part of the empire were their main concern since they wanted to join up to Serbia.Militarism is the second cause according to the article above, which comes after the nationalism. To understand what the author means by militarism one should be familiar with the situation of the world in the beginning of the century, which was the result of both industrial and democratic revolutions. Britain at that time was the largest empire in the world, and it also had the largest navy. The navy was so big and strong because the Britons needed to protect their empire and maintain the sea routes between the different colonies. The Kaiser William II of Germany hated and envied Britain for having a stronger navy than his. He increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded with building more ships and increasing its navy too. This started a race for building more and better warships and it created tension and competition between those two countries. Imperialism and the system of alliances are the last two major causes of the War. There was a quarrel between France and Germany about controlling the colonies, and especially Morocco, which leads to a greater conflict, the Great War. Europe at that time was divided into two rival alliance systems Triple Entente that included Great Britain, France, and Russia and the Triple Alliance, which included the Central Powers of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and eventually the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Austria-Hungary must take a large proportion of any blame for the outbreak of war in 114. The reason for Germanys part in the causes involves Germanys blank Check policy. Before sending its ultimatum to Serbia, Austria needed to be sure of the support of its ally, Germany. Such support was forthcoming in the form of a telegram to the Emperor Franz Joseph on 6 July 114. The telegram has become known to history as the Blank Check. In order to balance the power, France and Russia signed an alliance. Russia saw itself as the protector of Slavs in the war, and immediately mobilized. When the war began, the German decision that if they were going to have to fight Russia and France, they would strike at France first according to its Schlieffen Plan, and then turn West to Russia. Germans believed that Russia at the time was unprepared for war, and that it will take a long time for Russia to mobilize its army. On July 8, 114 Austria declared war against Serbia. Russia responded by partially mobilizing against Austria as a protector of Slavs, and Germany insisted that Russia immediately demobilize. Russia refused to do so, and on August 1 and declared war on Russia and France. When war was declared in August people involved on all sides felt that it would be a short war, and will be over by Christmas.In order for Germany to accomplish its Schlieffen Plan, Germany occupied Belgium. By August most of Belgium was under German occupation and the Schlieffen Plan appeared to be going well, but it brought Britain into the war because they had made a treaty with Belgium before, and Schlieffen Plan involved the invasion of neutral Belgium.One of the problems during the Great War that military staffs and thinking were far behind new weapons and logistics. In other words military commanders like General Haig or Marshall Joffre were not quite ready to the war with its modern weapons and new technologies such as machine guns, bunkers and railroad systems that allowed to bring troops quicker into defensive positions. This was the first war in the human history where the weapons of defense were superior to offensive. The First World War is also known as a war of attrition. In order to protect themselves from modern weapons, men dug in along the whole of the Western Front. They built networks of trenches that ran 500 miles. The First Battle of the Marne was the wars first major turning point. German army has almost reached its objective Paris in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan, but the Battle of the Marne stopped the movement of Germans in the west. Unfortunately for the Germans, the plan did not work as expected. The result was a partial success, which failed in its ultimate goal of knocking the French army out of the war early. The Battle of the Marne marked the end of the Schlieffen Plan, the end of movement in the war and the start of Trench Warfare. Eventually the trenches were stretching 5,000 miles, from Switzerland to the North Sea. On the other hand, Germans were much successful on the Eastern Front and had a series of quick victories over Russia. Only in a single Battle of Tannenberg ,000 Russian prisoners were taken. After the failure of the German offensive, both sides made various local attempts at achieving breakthroughs. Most of these attempts failed due to the effects of modern weapons.The First World War was the first war to use poison gas as a military weapon. Germans also had the first submarines and used them to blockade Britain by sinking British ships. The sinking of Lusitania is the famous example of the submarine warfare during the World War I. The Lusitania had civilians on board, where 100 passengers were American citizens. After sinking Lusitania a letter was sent to the German Government by President Wilson to warn the German government against killing Americans citizens.In October 115 Ottoman Turkish Empire enters war on German side. Turkish army began invasion of Russia and was very successful until Great Britain attacked Turkey. British, French, Australian and New Zealand were unsuccessful in invading Turkey. The action was confined to the Dardanelles Strait and the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula near Istanbul. The same year, Italy had withdrawn from the Triple Alliances when war started, and on the Eastern Front Russians were loosing their lands and over 750,000 soldiers were taken as prisoners. By the end of 115 the whole society of Europe mobilized for war. This was to be the worlds first Total War. Women were taking on the jobs, and most male population was sent to war. The total war started when Germans used their first gas attackGassing was the start of total war, because it broke all limits, the social taboos, the gentlemans etiquette of other wars. Sometimes the shot would miss the mark and kill innocent civilians. Before the introduction of gas bombing, soldiers found it easier to overlook the fact that they were fighting on opposite sides of the field, because they had no personal motivation to fight. In 116 there 1 British and French Divisions were fighting against 117 German Divisions. Two sides were facing each other across the no mans land of mud, shell holes and barbed wires. Sometimes the distance between two fighting powers was so close that on first Christmas both sides were singing carols to each other. One can find a good description of trenches by reading Erich Remarques novel All Quite on the Western Front were he gives the reader some insight and a look at a group of young German friends who are also fighting in World War I. It covers the horror of this war through the eyes of a young German solider, Paul Baumer. This book is not like other books and stories that glorify wars. It tells the horrors of war in detail. The story recalls the bloody details of bombing, gunfire, gas, hand-to-hand combat, barbed wire, trench warfare and etc. Remarque tells the story in the first person that makes the reader feel as if he or she is one of the soldiers, that makes the novel even more dramatic for the readerWe see men living with their skulls blown open; we see soldiers run with their two feet cut off, they stagger on their splintered stumps into the next shell-hole; a lance-corporal crawls a mile and a half on his hands dragging his smashed knee after him; another goes to the dressing station and over his clasped hands bulge his intestines; we see men without mouths, without jaws, without faces … The two biggest and horrifying battles of the World War I are the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme. John Keegan, a military historian in his interview tells about the Battle of Somme It was the biggest barrage that had ever been. So, they were firing over 100,000 shells a day; relentless, relentless banging and booming of this tremendous bombardment. So loud, you could hear it in England, if the wind was in the right direction (60 or 70 miles away). Over million soldiers were killed on both sides only in a single battle of Somme during 116. The second biggest battle of Verdun was fought at the cost of the French Army, and it is often compared to a sausage machine, because 15,000 Frenchman died. The human kind had never sees such battles throughout the whole history, with so many losses, which was quite shockfull experience for the soldiers who fought the First World War. This war resulted shortages in practically everything, and rising prices. By the end of 116 America was still not involved in the war. Fateful year of 117 marked the beginning of the modern world. Several important events took place in 117. First and the most important event was the Russian Revolution and the rise of a Communist Power in the World. The same year America enters the war against Germany. Two great non-European leaders with two different ideas of what is good for humanity emerge, and the European History becomes a World History. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, who was hiding in Switzerland at that time, was helped by some German agents to be able to go to Russia in a sealed train. Germans helped Lenin, because they knew that if the Revolution occurs, the war with Russia would eventually finish. As a matter of fact Lenin and the Bolsheviks takes over the country on November 7, 117. Everything that was planned by Germans came true and Russians made peace with Germany. The Western front was the only show in town, and Germans moved all their power from Eastern to a Western Front to break through the line of the enemy.In March of 118 Russia signed a treaty in Brest-Litovsk which put a formal end to the war and agreed to stop fighting. Russia was also forced to give up some of its land to the enemy. The war that was supposed to be over by Christmas seemed endless; however, in 118, after great Franco-American Offensive Germany gave up, and became a liberal Republic. It happened at 1100 am, on November 11, after 4 years and over 8 million military deaths on both sides. Germany agreed to President Wilsons 14 points, issued in January 118 where Germany agreed no to have secret treaties with other countries, most importantly to end submarine warfare and to free the seas, to give up their colonial claims and etc. Germany also had to take the responsibility for the cause of the Great War and accordingly pay reparations to Allies. By signing the treaty Germany also agreed to disarm, and give up the colonies. The world war one had tremendous consequences on the world. World War I killed fewer victims than World War II, destroyed fewer buildings, and uprooted millions instead of tens of millions, but in many ways it left even deeper scars both on the mind and on the map of Europe. The Old World never recovered from a shock. According to many historians, and in particular Edmond Tailor the trench warfare was the cruelest among all wars since the Ice Age. The reason why historians think that way is because the people of the XIX and early XX century were not ready to this kind of war. People were very optimistic about the future with all the great inventions. The last twenty years of the 1th Century, say 1880 to 100, those years were characterized by an immense optimism. It was thought that public health, invention, the telegraph, the telephone, ultimately the wireless and the radio, were going to civilize human life in a way that it had never been civilized before. And, then, all of a sudden, what happens is ghastly war breaks out and spoils everything. The inventions that were supposed to improve the standards of living for humanity in fact made the war more tragic. The age that died in 114 was a brilliant one - so extravagant in its intellectual and aesthetic endowments that we who have come after can hardly believe in its reality. In Eric Remarques novel All Quite on the Western Front one can clearly see what war had done to the people, especially to the young generation who fought it. The soldiers who fought in the Great War often lost their interest in life. The only significance in the lives of the soldiers was comradeship. Eric Remarque also mentions in his novel what was the opinion of the soldiers about the progress, We are not youth any longer. We dont want to take the world by storm. We are fleeing. We fly from ourselves. From our life. … The first bomb, the first explosion, burst in our hearts. We are cut off from activity, from striving, from progress. We believe in such things no longer, we believe in the war. That was the mentality of the soldier of the Great War. Nothing in the world meant anything to a soldier, other than the war. Remarque also shows in his novel how meaningless was the war for the soldier. There is a place in the novel were Paul kills a French soldier, and feels very guilty about it. It shows one more time how artificial was the cause of the war. There was no real cause why German would hate a Frenchmen and voiceovers. Erik Remarque shows that when Paul talks to a dead French soldier where he says, Comrade, to-day you to-morrow me. But if I come out of it, comrade, I will fight against this, that has struck us both down; from you, taken life-and from me-? Life also. Despite being alive, Paul considers his life without any meaning after all the horrible experiences of the war. All people who came out of the First World War were either physically or psychologically wounded. The impact of the First World War is still with us. In many respects the events of modern Europe are a direct result of what happened in 114 -11. Had there be a World War I, of course have been no Second… Adolph Hitler himself was a product of the First World War. World War I also gave Lenin an opportunity to overthrow the government in Russia and proclaim communism.

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Property or Not

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Property or Not. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Property or Not paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Property or Not, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Property or Not paper at affordable prices with custom writing service/a>! Property or NotThe selling of African human beings began with Prince Henry, the Navigator of Portugal. With the rising stream of commerce, the trade in slaves began to rise. It was later taken over by the Spaniards to supply labor in the new world(Thomas). Africans who were taken in war, or had been sold by their own tribes to another, were considered slaves because of dept or adultery. After months, or in some cases years of slavery in another tribe, they were taken down to the shores and sold to the slave traders. In the fifteenth century, the act of war among tribes were more of a ruse than force, because the tribes knew if they were to lose, they were going to be slaves, and therefore were not as forceful as other captives (Thomas). When the ship took on all that it could carry, it set sail. The slaves were chained two by two in positions, such as laying head to toe or squatting in a four foot area in the hole of a ship numbering in the hundreds. They were placed in iron collars, connected to each other, and secured to the wall. They were brought to the deck to feed and exercise once a day. Rations were given once a day for some, and some were not feed at all. If the slaves appeared sick or injured they were thrown overboard while chained to sink. Some slaves took there own lives aboard slave ships during the middle passage. Some realized their fate, and some did not have the understanding of what was going to happen to them, gave up by jumping overboard, or just losing the will to survive. It is estimated that between eleven to twelve million slaves were up rooted and sold into the hands of the English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and American slave traders(Thomas). They were auctioned off to white masters to work as chattels on the plantations, and in the mines of the new world(Thomas ). The central issue was wether the blacks had lawfully been made slaves, or if they were involved in an illegal act of slavery. Slaves were counted as a property. According to Old English Law, chattel property is any property not "real" and could never achieve any other status. Chattel is a broad term which includes ever kind of property that is movable, or immovable including furniture, cattle and clothing(Thomas). Under the Treaty of 175 in the ninth article All ships and merchandise, of what nature so ever, which shall be rescued out of the hands of any pirates or robbers on the high seas, shall be brought into some port of either state, and shall be delivered to the custody of the officers of that port, in order to be taken care of, and restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proof shall be made concerning the property thereof(Thomas). Messages were sent from the Queen of Spain to the President pressuring him to return the ship and the slaves(Amistad). The line of questioning from the prosecutor was asked in order to prove that slavery in Africa was practiced, and no matter how it was defined the act of slavery was slavery. Africans knew of the term slavery and what it included within its own country. The prosecutor attempted to reveal the status of Cinque; to determine if he was actually a slave or not. If it were proven that he was a slave the United States would have no authority in the matter and would have to return the ship and slaves to the Spanish authorities. Slavery was common in all countries, and by admitting the act of slavery was the same as an indentured servant by Cinque would have helped in proving that they may actually have been slaves.

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The capture of Cinque from his fellow tribesmen and the middle passage brought him to America where he would stand trail and defend himself as a person against people who wanted to label him as property. President Adams represented Cinque before the Supreme Court and proved that he was a free man and not someone's property. This heightened the attention of the abolishment of slavery.

Works CitedCable, Mary. "Black Odyssey." The Case of the Slave Ship Amistad. The Viking Press, Inc.

Penguin Books 171.Thomas Hugh. "The Slave Trade." The story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870.

Touchstone New York 17.Amistad Ed Mary Kotzen July 000. 7 June 00. http//amistad.mysticseaport.ord

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Lusitania

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Much can be debated on the sinking of the American cruise ship, the Lusitania. This event greatly contributed to the beginnings of World War 1. The blame for this ship goes to both the British Admiralty (led by Winston Churchill) and the German U-Boat that fired the Lusitania-aimed torpedo.

In 115, the Lusitania was headed for Germany to drop some foods, goods, and people. During this time, the British set up a blockade north of Germany. In response to this, Germany began sending out submarines to take down rival ships. America's neutrality was observed by both countries during this period, or so was thought. In Germany, a secret British room 40 in a hotel picked up German wires and telegrams. One wire picked up was the location of a German U-Boat in the area of Lusitania's direction. Winston Churchill headed this decoding operation and knew of the U-Boat's whereabouts. Churchill refused to warn the American's of this threat even though Britain was the enemy. The U.S. received an anonymous message stating the threat, but disregarded it as a joke. America would have responded if the message was from a reliable source, like the British Admiralty. In refusing to warn the U.S., Churchill indirectly triggered a global-scale war with the sinking of the Lusitania

Of course, the German U-Boat is to blame also. Knowing of America's neutrality, Germany complied to not fire on ships with American passengers if it did not carry ammunition. The German's knew that the Lusitania was an American liner and did not know that it carried ammunition, even though it did. With the Lusitania in its sights, the U-Boat fired a torpedo knowing of the intended victim. The firing of the torpedo broke the compromise between Germany and America.

The sinking of the Lusitania helped trigger WW 1. Both the British Admiralty and the German U-Boat are to blame for this incident. The decisions of these entities led to their fate in the war.

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"The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society.

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society. paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society. paper at affordable prices! "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?

"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society. Dan Simmonds is a sergeant who works in a small suburban police station and uses his power of authority to take advantage of the society. The presence of violence and sexism explored in this society permits Simmonds to take control of it for his own violent and sexual pleasures. This is shown when Kate Mason and Fiona Carter reports in a domestic violence which Fiona's husband, Kenny has brought upon her. Simmonds uses this situation for his own pleasures by making Ross take pictures of the bruises on Fiona's back and thigh. Simmonds is a person who likes to dominate people and to overpower their conversations which is shown through language and the use of the spoken word.

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"Funeral Blues" is a poem written by W.H. Auden to present the great impact of the loss of someone very close to him. In the text we see the power of the spoken word where it shows us the writer's feelings and his sensitivity. In the first paragraph he uses a lot of commands for every first word of a new line for example Stop, Prevent, Silence, and Bring out. He applies these commands to stop simple things in life so he would not be aware of any music. This demonstrates that he does not want to be happy anymore which also shows in the last paragraph where he talks about the beauty of nature like the stars and the moon not wanted any longer.

The spoken word in this text is very effective which is also shown through the narrator's facial and body language as he says the poem. The technique he uses of emphasizing on words and sentences like ‘I was wrong', expresses his emotions and feelings for that person who has lost is life. This is very effective to the listeners as he uses personal pronouns in the third paragraph to show how the tragedy has greatly affected him. The spoken word reveals that the narrator is very weak, sensitive, and is lacking in confidence as seeming like he does not want to live a happy life anymore.

Please note that this sample paper on "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on "The Spoken Word reveals more about us than we think"What does the use of the spoken word reveal?"The Removalist" has an effective use of language to reveal each characters register and their attitude. It is about a corrupt, prejudice and sexist society. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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THE RAINBOW

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on THE RAINBOW. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality THE RAINBOW paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in THE RAINBOW, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your THE RAINBOW paper at affordable prices with custom writing service/a>! LONG LONG TIME AGO ,THERE IS A VERY BEAUTIFUL HILL.IN THE HILL,THERE IS A LONGSTANDING TEMPLE.IN THE TEMPLE,THERE LIVES A ELDER MONK.HE LIVES HERE UHIMSELF.EVERY DAY ,HE GET UP WHEN THE SUN RISE UP AND GO TO BED WHEN THE MOON RISE UP.ALTHOUGH HE IS ALONE,BUT HE NEVER FEEL LONGLY.AT DAYTIME,HE WATER THE FLOWER,FEED THE CHICKEN.HE PLANT A LOT OF VEGETABLES AND FRIUTS, SUCH AS CUCUMBER,CABBAGE,LEEK,CHIVES,POTATO,TOMATO,APPLE TREE,PEACH TREE AND SO ON. BUT HE NEVER EAT THE CHICKEN.HE ONLY EAT THE VEGETABLE DISH BECAUSE HE IS A MONK.ALTHOUGH THERE IS ONLY HE HIMSELF.BUT HE IS VERY UNREMITTING.THE MONK HAS A CAT AND A DOG AS HIS PET.THE CAT IS A WHITE CAT NAMED SNOW.BECAUSE THE MONK BORN IN THE SOUTH AND HE NEVER SEE THE SNOW.HE GESS THE SNOW MUST BE QUEIT WHITE JUST AS HIS LITTLE CATTY .SO HE CALL THE CAT SNOW. THE DOG IS WHITE TOO AND VERY SMALL.HE WILL NEVER GROW UP.HE IS VERY LOVELY.HIS NAME IS MIMI. EVERY NIGHT ,SNOW AND MIMI SLEEP WITH THE MONK.THEY EAT THE VEGETABLE DISH WITH THE MONK.UNDER THE HILL ,THERE IS A SMALL VILLAGE.THERE LIVES SOME FARMERS AND SOME HUNTERS.THEY ALL KNOW THE MONK LIVE IN THE HILL.AND THEY SOMETIMES BUY THE CHICKEN FROM THE MONK.TO HELP THE MONK.THEY ALLWAYS PAY HIM THE DOUBLE .BUT THE MONK NEVER KNOW .BECAUSE HE NEVER GET DOWN THE HILL,HE KNOW NOTHING ABOUT THE WORLD.WHEN DAY ,IT IS RAINING HARD .BUT AFTER NOON ,THE RAIN STOPED VERY SUDDENLY.AND A RAINBOW RISING UP FROM THE TEMPLE.IT LOOKS LIKE A BRIDGE FROM THE TEMPLE TO THE HAVEN.ALL THE VILLAGER CAME OUT FROM THEME HOME TO SEE THAT.THE RAINBOW BECOME MORE AND MORE CLEAR.AND THEN ,THE MONK CAME OUT OF THE TEMPLE AND WALKING ON THE RAINBOW!YES!HE IS WALKING ON THE RAINBOW!AND DISAPPEARED AT THE SKY.THE VILLAGERS ALL GET DOWN ON THEIR KNEELS.THEY KNOW THE MONK BECOME THE IMMORTAL.HIS SINCERE DEAIRE MOVE THE GOD!THEY STAY THERE FOR A LONG TIMEN .THEY KNOW THE MONK WILL BLESS AND PROTECT THEME FOREVERY!

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Jane Austen

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Jane Austen

Jane Austen(1775¡ª1817) was born in Hampshire, in southern England, of a country clergyman's family and, educated at home and never married throughout her life, led an uneventful life of forty-odd years at her native place and in the small towns nearby, paying only occasional visits to London. Her father had a good job as rector, three of her brothers were officers in the army or the navy, her eldest brother succeeded their father as clergyman, while her third brother, adopted by a wealthy relative, became a rather big landed gentleman. Though during her life the wars between England and France following the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon to power brought economic troubles to the English nation and the death of her father brought the family to somewhat straitened pecuniary conditions at one time, she never really had to worry about money and her life was rather quiet and comfortable all the way through, living with her parents and then with her unmarried sister. She started writing novels early in life and at first had difficulties in getting them published, but later became somewhat well-known so that the Prince Regent indirectly asked her to dedicate one of her novels to him.

Jane Austen wrote and completed six novels. They are Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice(181), Mansfield Park(1814), Emma(1816), Northanger Abbey(1818),and Persuasion(1818). Fragments and early drafts include Lady Susan, The Watsons, and Sanditon, on which she was working when she died. In fact it is hard to divide her writing career, for she lived most of her life in a community much like the one we find in Pride and Prejudice and all of her six novels deal with ¡°the business of getting married, are comedies involving either solitary heroines or young women educated by events to cast aside their illusions. Her presentation of ¡°personality, of the individual consciousness and point of view, mark her as one of the first English novelists who project a world the ¡°modern reader can recognize as familiar. In addition, in Austen's novels, she invariably depicted only the everyday life of the families of bigger or smaller landlords and clergyman, with the interest centred chiefly upon the love and marreage of the younger and the not-so-young folk, describing in detail their ordinary conversations, walks, drives, teas, dances, visits, picnics, journeys and other common activities (and sometimes also their thoughts).

Besides these features, Austen treated this material with such subtlety of observation, depth of psychological penetration and delicacy of touch that she is ranked among the best of English novelists. Behind the seemingly disinterested exterior of innocent love-makings and marriages that constitute the central threads of story, there ever lurks the ulterior motive of loving and marrying for money and social position, so that her heroines without any money or social rank are forever placed in the desperate situation of having to lure some young and rich landlords or clergymen with comfortable livings into marrying them, either with their looks or with their wiles, or with both. Though this theme of the predominant money considerations in love and marriage is sometimes barely hinted at or but indirectly suggested, it is nevertheless there, in all of her novels, and this shows the author' sharp insight into the very essence of the aristocratic bourgeois English society of her time----the primary importance of cash nexus. And then, in these novels, there is also the ever-present expose of the egoism and hypocrisy and other vices of the respectable English men and women of more or less fixed incomes, as the author proceeds in her vivid and detailed narratives of the superficial but occasionally poisonous courtesies, the ambiguous compliments, the hypocritical poses toward one's relatives, and the pretended friendly outpourings.

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On the surface, Austen's words and ideas are focused on these descriptions. And she never touched upon the class conflicts of her time, and in her works the extremes of wealth and poverty are unknown. Some critics regard her failure to make any representation of the social and political conflicts of the time as an important shortcoming of her works. But, with regard to this point, I have my own opinion. It's true that all of Austen's six novels and her works at early stage always stick to business of love and marriage. Yes, it is a rather narrow world, but it is simply because Austen spent all her life in observing and analyzing the narrow world that she could create the first British modern novels generally acknowledged.

And I think writers can create works from various angles. There is no need for all the works to touch on historical events, though there did happen a lot of incidents at that time such as French Revolution, the Luddites' Movement and the wars. Austen discussed the problems of women with a highly realistic pen. She surveyed those heroines in the setting of patriarchy. In that society, the value of human was based on the ownership of property. Because it was forever heritors to take over property from generation to generation, women were at great disadvantage from the right beginning and had to follow men without choice. In such an unfair society, Austen strongly criticized the social customs that made the heroines meet with adversity and deeply regretted to see the young look for love with double standards Men could capture women with all kinds of scheme, but women had to exchange their good-looks for fixed economic status.

Austen had a sharp insight into the problem but she did not become the rebel of the time as Shelley did. She did expose the shortcomings of the society in the works, but basically she believed the system was healthy and self-improved. So , at most she satirized the phenomenon quietly without bitter hatred.

Her works show a wealth of character studies, and abound in wit, humor and charm. She knew how to sketch figures with so pure and suggestive a pen that they stand out in a strong and unforgettable relief. It is not without reason that Jane Austen is credited with having brought the English novel to its maturity.

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Business Ethics

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Business EthicsEssay oneGenadijs Cvetkovs

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November 00.Globalisations integration and its effects on developing countries. Globalisation is one of the most debated issues of the day. It is everywhere on TV, on websites, learning journals, labour meeting rooms and in organizations boardrooms. Remarkably, for so widely a used term, there does not appear to have a precisely agreed definition. One of the frequently used definitions is that globalisation refers to the growing integration of societies across the world, it has taken many forms and it is difficult to discuss it in a general way. However most of the times the term is used is to refer to the economic integration of the world markets. Therefore our main discussion will be on the economic integration of the world and what are the positive and negative effects of globalisation. We will also consider the dilemmas involved, supported by examples and what happens when globalisation is implemented to different countries.Palast (00) argues that globalisation impoverishes the world's poor, enriching the rich and devastating the environment, while few supporters see it as a fast way to universal peace and prosperity. Most economists would agree that globalisation is inevitable and is the most likely key to continued growth; the process of shifting and resources to meet new opportunities takes time and is costly. It could be said that greater openness of markets will lead to greater manufacturing employment in developed countries and a better standard of living. Many developed countries started to liberalise in the 180's following the imposition of World Bank and IMF structural adjustment policies. Advocates would argue that this liberalisation would help economic growth, which will reduce poverty and that countries with more open markets will have experienced higher growth rates that those with protectionist policies [Ades &Glaeser 1]. As we can see this is clearly demonstrated in table below. However Manenji (18) argues that unregulated free trade, driven solely by market forces, in that while it has raised standards of living for many people, especially in developed countries, it has not done so for the poorest. After 0 years of trade liberalisation, poverty in many countries has not fallen. For example in agriculture where the poorest make most of their living, food imports are partly responsible for destruction of small farmers, for example Malawi which produces rice which it sold in most South African countries now has to contend with rice which is sold at much cheaper rates, which is imported from Asia.International trade in foodstuffs is increasing much faster than food production; it took off as a result of trade liberalisation under the IMF, WTO and World Bank. As a consequence more land in developing countries is being used by large multinational companies to grow food for the export market, which has implications for food production for local people. The price of many agricultural commodities, such as coffee and tea are at near all-time lows. This has a large detrimental impact on poor farmers, for the reason that buying imported food prices are so low that there is no point to grow them. Therefore some of the farmers are now abandoning coffee and tea growing in favour of drug cultivation and these drugs are being illegally transported to the West and ruining the lives of thousands of people, which causes the western governments to spend vast amount of money to combat this problem and accusing developing countries of immoral behaviour by not doing enough to prevent drug cultivation. Within the developed world we can say that the cultivation of drug producing plants such as the opium poppy is not an acceptable thing to do, yet criticising those countries of immoral behaviour and punishing them financially and politically will not solve the existing problem. Therefore the Governments must think through differences in social circumstances, strategy and why it has happened and get to the root of the problem, when this will be done it will be clear to see that there is nothing to do with morals but with circumstances those countries are being pushed into. For organisations and countries not tackling the problems in democratic ways is simply accessing their choice for one set of actions over another set of actions. The fact that different parts of the world have different moral practices shows neither that they are all equally good nor that any of them is necessarily immoral [De George, 178]. There is nothing wrong with that, but there is nothing right with that either.There have been many cases where multinational organizations have locate their factories in countries where wages are low, with weak environmental protection laws, were people work long hours and receive low pay, to make some of the world's most expensive consumer goods. This kind of behaviour from multinational firms is not as common these days as it use to be, because of the fact that moral disapproval of the company activities can convert into political pressures, legal controls and customer boycotts. Resulting in an attitude that will harm the company's image [Chryssides 15] therefore we could say that worldwide media has given greater importance for businesses to be more ethical. A good example of this is Shell. In15 Shell suffered a blow to its reputation by attempting to dispose of the Brent Spar oilrig in the North Sea because of this action, the company's shares plummeted, and consumers were boycotting the organization. Since then Shell has rewritten its business ethics, creating complex system to implement them and working harder to improve its relations with NGOs. More and more resources are being invested in companies according to their moral criteria. These include the structure of business activities, environmental performance and product portfolio and business dealings with developing countries since multinationals have great influence on socio-economic conditions in their countries. Unfortunately some of the firms get negative publicity because they are perceived as bad industries and not getting positive publicity even though they have effective corporate business ethics.On the positive side ethical behaviour not only can avoid bad publicity but it can even lead to consumer support, which will benefit the company's image e.g. Virgin, Body Shop. It has been proven that in the long run ‘ethics pays' and there is little evidence that ethics will have influence on firms wealth.Recent research done by OECD (1) found little evidence that multinational organizations place their factories on purpose in the countries with week social policies in order to take greater advantage of their business environment, for most large corporations the good context for doing business, is one where democracy and the rule of law provide economic and social stability. This could be explained that business could not function in the long term in an environment with poor ethical constraints. If fraud and dishonesty would be the norm rather than the exception in business dealings, then those dealings would eventually become impossible to continue and for most of businesses that would not be worth in engaging. Plato supports this argument by saying that " there must be a measure of trust, even between thieves."In recent years globalisation received major criticism on issues such as labour standards and fair wage, while labour standards in developing countries are still lower then in the industrialized countries, they are rising. Moore (1) points out that multinational organisations pay higher wages than local firms, create jobs at a faster rate and spend more on R&D. Wages will continue to differ between rich and poor countries as this is influenced by factors, such as the level of qualifications of workers and their relative productivity. Chryssides (15) notes that the levels of supply and demand set the levels of pay, although it seems low for the efforts of the work force in developing countries. Dusty Kidd CEO of Nike argues that by paying too high wages to workers by their standards can have big impact on social environment, for example Nike pays more to their workers in Vietnam than their Government pays to the doctors, therefore its been noted that doctors leave their practice to work for Nike. To prevent this happening most of the corporations set wages above minimum wage and do increase them on yearly basis, however if the country does not have a minimum wage law then its been noted that most of the organizations pay slightly higher wage then the industry they are operating in. which is a good strategy to avoid negative publicity that the company is underpaying its employees. Also to increase wages generously could well be devastating in commercial terms, any company who would do this would suffer a cost disadvantage to the competitor company which would not increase the wages of their workers this would lead to fall in sales and profits. There is a limit to the degree to which morality and commercial self-interest can meet. In one way self-interest is integral to morality; in another, wholly antithetical [Chryssides & Kaler, 15].By negative criticism received in the past on companies unethical behaviour organizations have begun to see as part of their mission, to raise standards, not just within the company but also in the countries where they work. However Friedman (170) argues that business social responsibility has to be in the shareholders long-term interests, which in other words is to get as much money as possible for their shares and by taking on social responsibilities there can only be financial loss, due to the fact that someone must pay for it, either shareholders or customers, by paying higher prices. This argument is supported by Smith (1776) that common good is best served by people pursuing their own interests rather by the doing good, which social responsibilities require. Still we could argue that what shareholders want is not in their best interests and is that really true what they want? Chryssides (15) argues that shareholders interests could be best served by living in a society, which has desirable social ends like reduction of unemployment, pollution and discrimination even though it means reduction in their profits. Then again we could say that business people are not specialists to decide on social needs and priorities for the reason that when they decide to impose their preferences, that this can have bad consequences on society in whole. Unfortunately this is happening to the extent that multinational companies have been able to finance elections and have their candidates elected, they have been able to penetrate very powerfully into the Western political system. As a result economic globalisation is criticised in that it lacks an ethical framework and political control to ensure that economic performance is subordinated to essential human and social needs, because of this many of the developing countries have shown negative effects and attitude towards globalisation for example rich countries want the developing countries to open up their markets by lowering import tariffs. By doing this developing countries fear that quality products at cheaper rates will make their fragile industries go out of business. In Tanzania the leather and textile industry have almost collapsed affecting lots of peoples lives in negative way. We could argue and say this is what happens in a global economy and that countries should concentrate in producing things, which they are good at and that every country has the same opportunities. Is this really true? Not necessarily considering that the West have superior technology, better skills and more resources to spend, also it would be hard to say that every country has the same opportunities. Fair opportunities would be if all countries or organizations have equally good technology and skills. Therefore it could be said that commercial self-interest for multinational firms can extend beyond the common good that ‘good business' not always follow ‘good ethics'. Better it would be said, if these large organizations would work together with foreign infant industries and invest in them and raise standards that way. Good example is the Japanese firms who work closely together with other organisations to improve productivity and quality and help each other out in difficult times.While developing countries allowed in more food and manufacturing imports the West have not done so. For example western farmers receive large handouts in subsidies and increasing their share of global markets at the expense of world's poor where as the West is slow in lowering their quotas on imports. Legrain (1) points out that rich countries need to return the compliment and open up their markets so poor countries can sell their goods to the West too. More needs to be done to restructure liberalization, so that a larger share of population benefits from the process. It is imperative that developments of globalisation are measured not just in profits but also in social quality, for example better education and health. The best way to deal with globalisation is to be honest about it. Globalisation brings opportunities but it also brings risks, even when poverty falling overall there can be regional increases about which society needs to be concentred. Especially for the developing countries, with their potential lack of recourses for up to date legislation, it is important to remember that not everything that is legal is right. Legality is often only the ethical minimum. Therefore where national standards are inadequate, the company would need to enforce their own higher standards and not take advantage of them. Many aspects of our system have not caught up with our social needs and not many organizations and managers faced up to the social responsibilities of business. It is easier to produce the product and then think what social impact it will have. Business is part of our society and ethics has place in business as in any other part of social life [De George, 178].

Bibliography and references Chryssides, G and Kaler, J (15) An introduction to Business Ethics, London Chapman & HallFreeman, R (184) Strategic Management a stakeholder approach, Marshfield Pitman.Smith, A (1776) The Wealth of Nations, London.De George, R (178) Ethics, free enterprise and Public policy, Oxford Oxford University Press.Aupperle, K (185) An empirical examination of the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability, Academy of Management Journal, vol.8, no., pp. 446-6.Palast, G (00) The best democracy money can buy, London Pluto Press.World Bank (17) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries.World Bank (000) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries.Ades, A and Glaeser, E (1) Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns and the extent of the Market, Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(), pp.105-1046Manenji, F (18) the effects of globalization on culture in Africa in the eyes of an African woman, www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/effglob.html [accessed /10/0].Mohamad, M (00) Globalization and Developing Countries, www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/define/100malaysiamp.htm [accessed 17/10/0] Bibliography and references Chryssides, G and Kaler, J (15) An introduction to Business Ethics, London Chapman & HallFreeman, R (184) Strategic Management a stakeholder approach, Marshfield Pitman.Smith, A (1776) The Wealth of Nations, London.De George, R (178) Ethics, free enterprise and Public policy, Oxford Oxford University Press.Aupperle, K (185) An empirical examination of the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability, Academy of Management Journal, vol.8, no., pp. 446-6.Palast, G (00) The best democracy money can buy, London Pluto Press.World Bank (17) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries.World Bank (000) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries.Ades, A and Glaeser, E (1) Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns and the extent of the Market, Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(), pp.105-1046Manenji, F (18) the effects of globalization on culture in Africa in the eyes of an African woman, www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/effglob.html [accessed /10/0].Mohamad, M (00) Globalization and Developing Countries, www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/define/100malaysiamp.htm [accessed 17/10/0]Please note that this sample paper on Business Ethics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Business Ethics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Business Ethics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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