Differences between Sparta and Athens / Egypt Reiligeon

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Differences between Sparta and Athens / Egypt Reiligeon, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Differences between Sparta and Athens / Egypt Reiligeon paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Both cities, had similar governments, but each had a different way of life, each with its own attributes. Sparta was similar to other Greek cities, and art and poetry, particularly choral lyrics flourished, from the 6th century BC on the Spartans, were uptight, and concentrated mostly upon there battlements, no deformed children survived. Sparta had all children that were the age of seven to be trained, and when reached 0, were able to enter war, but also were able to marry. They would have to stay at the barracks, until the age of 0. All Spartans from the age of 0-60 were permitted to serve as hoplites. In 41 BC, war broke out between Sparta, and Athens, and by in 404 BC IT became the dominant of Greek cities leaving Athens in Spartans hands. Sparta was pushed back to its original territory and in 6 AD was destroyed by Goths under king Alaric I.Athens dominates the economic, cultural, and political life of Greece. Athens, was more civilised, and not focused on the whole War life idea, they also had a democracy like Sparta, but was different. Unlike the Spartans, the Athenians, liked entertainment that was produced in the Dionysus. The city itself with its democratic constitution and brilliant way of life became an attraction. At its peak, the population was approximately 00,000 people, which 50,000 were males, and full citizens, and the rest women, slaves, and foreigners. After its clash with Sparta, the city began to decline. Nevertheless, philosopher's schools were founded, and rhetoric was made.Religion was an important role, since the King promises life after death, and those who followed, would have it. The Pharaoh was central to life in Egypt. The Pharaoh settled legal disputes and led in religious rituals, which sustained Egypt. The Pharaoh was not only a god-king, but was responsible for the balance of Ma'at (truth, law and universal order). As long as the Pharaoh worshiped, and followed the laws that the Gods set, everything would not turn to chaos. If he failed, the world would be obliterated. Pharaohs wear things that symbolise their power, the symbols of the Gods were the power of the Pharaohs.The Crook to reward the innocent and the Flail, to punish the guilty. The dual crown shows the authority or leadership over both of the Kingdoms, and the Eye of Ra, seeing what the Pharaoh did, good or evil. At a Pharaohs coronation, a spirit called Horus (the living Pharaoh, light, the sun) entered his body and is believed to guide the Pharaoh along the path of Ma'at. Then when he died his spirit was merged with Osiris from where he could guide his successors. The King and the Priests also supported each other, reassuring that they are loyal to the Gods, and still were divine and superior, if anything went wrong they would not be slaughtered. As the Pharaoh was divine, he also had control over the religion, and led important religious rites, and services. This was only done to reinforce his position. The King's national strength came from the support of the gods and as long as this was maintained no ill could befall the country.

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THE ORIGINS OF NEGRO SLAVERY

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THE ORIGINS OF NEGRO SLAVERY

By Eric E. Williams

Slavery was not born of racism, but racism was the consequence of slavery. The Indians were the first instance of slave trading and slave labor in the New World. England and France followed the Spanish practice of enslavement of the Indians. The only restraint to Indian slavery was to those Indians who refused to accept Christianity and to the warlike Caribs on specious plea that they were cannibals. Negro slavery involved vital imperial interests. Europeans saw that Indian slavery was unprofitable because it was unsuited to the diversified agriculture of these colonies. In addition the Indian slave was inefficient and the Spaniards discovered that one Negro was worth four Indians. Sugar and cotton required strength in which the Indian lacked and demanded the "cotton nigger".

The immediate successor of the Indian slave was that of the poor whites. These white servants called "indentured servants", which signed a contract, indented by law, binding them to service for a stipulated time in return for their passage. There were also others known as "redemptioners", which arranged with the captain of the ship to pay for their passage on arrival and if they did not, they were sold by the captain to the highest bidder. Another type of white servant was a convict, sent out by the deliberate policy of the home government, to serve for a specified period. This temporary service denoted no inferiority or degradation.

Negro slaves had nothing to do with climate. "Its origin can be expressed in three words; in the Caribbean, Sugar; on the mainland, Tobacco and Cotton". Sugar, tobacco, and cotton required the large plantation and hordes of cheap labor, and the small farm of the ex-indentured white servant could not possible survive. Planters could no longer offer white servants the main inducement, land. Planters did want to provide employment for the poor whites, and prevent Negroes from being taught to trade. Many whites wanted to see economic growth, and their victims were the Negroes in Africa and the small white farmers. The plantation economy was based upon tobacco and not sugar. At this point it was seen that Negro slavery cheapened the cost of production. "Slavery from being an insignificant factor in the economic life of the colony, had become the very foundation upon which it was established {11)" The Plantation system formed the industrial and social frame of government, while slavery was a code of written laws enacted for that purpose.

My critique of this article is the blueprint it displays about the development of slavery. When it comes to slavery most people including myself, automatically think about African enslavement. This article shows that slavery actually started with the Indians, then the poor whites, and finally with the Africans. This shows that in the beginning, slavery was not based upon race. Instead it was based upon a group of servants who could make a profit for a few white men. It was only when these slave traders, merchants, and farmers found out that Negroes were stronger and more efficient than the Indians and white servants, that they became part of the slave industry. Negroes in the plantation system became very profitable for Europeans and they justified their actions of forced labor on the bases that Negroes were inferior, and with this reasoning came the beginning of racism.

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How has your professional experience, or community or political involvement prepared you to participate in and contribute to the Summit? What would you like to gain as a result of the experience and how will you use knowledge you gain upon return to your

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During my FSA/FLEX year, I gained lots of very useful knowledge and experience. However I consider that one of the most important things that I learned was volunteerism since I both did volunteer work in the US and learned about it in high school and in general from FSA/FLEX program. This term was new for me because volunteerism was and still is very rare in Tajikistan. People are used to work for money. I think that in order for Tajikistan to develop and resolve many problems both economical and social, people need to learn about volunteerism and do more volunteer work, especially young generation. From the time I came back home, I wanted to do something in order to resolve at least some problems in Tajikistan that make peace in my country very fragile. I always believed that I can do many things by myself but with more people around I can achieve even more. I also realized that in order to reach my goals I need a good education which at that time was very hard to get in my city, Khujand (due to after war period). I traveled to Kyrgyzstan, in order to get admitted to American University of Kyrgyzstan. I successfully passed all the exams and received a full scholarship to study in AUK.

This year I am a senior and during my three years stay in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, I did not just study in order to reach my dreams, I tried to gain practical knowledge as well. I made close acquaintance with many Kyrgyz alumni and participated in nearly all FSA/FLEX activities held in Bishkek. I tried to come up with new ideas for fund raising, for example I proposed to bake brownies and apply pies and sale them in international organization, which actually turned out to be a good idea. Over the past five years along with Kyrgyz alumni I frequently visited Cancer Center and Nursing home. This experience has helped me to grow greatly personally and spiritually. By participating in various Kyrgyzstan alumni projects over the past three years, I have learned many traits including leadership, respect and empathy, as well as building wonderful friendships with people of different age, nationality, religion and culture. Besides these, I have also learned valuable skills, improved by Russian, learned some Kyrgyz plus learned how to bake, cook, be an interesting speaker and good listener, improved my public speech.

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Moreover this year I had a great chance to expand my knowledge about volunteer work from Turkish volunteer organization in Istanbul, Turkey called Social Volunteers Foundation (TOG). In Istanbul Bilgi University I had a great chance to attend several lectures on effective ways of attracting people for volunteer activities where I learned how to search for funds, how to satisify both volunteers and people for whom help is provided. For exampe these were the topics that we studies like awareness of individual and social responsibilities, respect to different thoughts, beliefs, ethnic origins and values, understanding of teamwork and many other very useful topics.Also this year I have got an opportunity to take part in Tajik alumni project called Leadership Camp in Varzob. This project was very important for me because I always wanted to participate in projects held by Tajik alumni since I am planning to come back and work with Tajik children and youth. This time I have got a chance to both apply my university knowledge (because I taught a class called Conflict Resolution in Tajikistan) and practical knowledge of working with children since during my volunteer work in Cancer Center, I learn how to interact with children closely, I successfully applied this experience in Leadership Camp in Varzob. I had a great and very useful time during this project because it was one of my first step towards fulfillment of my dream.

I think that I gained quite lots of knowledge, which I could share in the Summit in Kiev both practical and theoretical. I think I am very close to my main dream, which is to open an NGO in Tajikistan and involve youth of Tajikistan in volunteer work. I already contacted with TOG-volunteer organization in Turkey about lending me a helping hand for beginning. I think that Summit in Kiev could also greatly help me to expand my knowledge even more about volunteer activities of alumni from all over Euroasia. To hear about their successful projects, way of doing these projects. For example Leadership Camp in Varzob was a project borrowed from Kyrgyzstan alumni, also called Leadership Camp where I also had a chance to participate. So I strongly believe that successful projects should be borrowed and applied in different states. This is one of the main reasons why I am so eager to take part in Summit since this Summit can give me an opportunity to intact with alumni from different states and listen to their projects and volunteer experiences. I am also very eager to share all the knowledge I have gained, which I think could be also very useful for the participants. -Please note that this sample paper on How has your professional experience, or community or political involvement prepared you to participate in and contribute to the Summit? What would you like to gain as a result of the experience and how will you use knowledge you gain upon return to your is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How has your professional experience, or community or political involvement prepared you to participate in and contribute to the Summit? What would you like to gain as a result of the experience and how will you use knowledge you gain upon return to your, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on How has your professional experience, or community or political involvement prepared you to participate in and contribute to the Summit? What would you like to gain as a result of the experience and how will you use knowledge you gain upon return to your will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Ibsen's Ghosts

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Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts is concerned with challenging the conventional norms of society, many of which he views as "no longer beneficial". Through his characters, Ibsen explores the conflict that arises because of the outdated ideas that people cling to, as is the case with Pastor Manders who is subsequently self-righteous and hypocritical. Ibsen also shows the devastating consequences that the past or "ghosts" can have on people's lives. Osvald for instance, is haunted by his father's "sins" in the way of inherited syphilis. Furthermore, Ibsen demonstrates how traditional ideas can entrap otherwise progressive people, particularly women such as Mrs Alving, who feels she hasn't the strength to "go against" an oppressive, patriarchal society. Ultimately, these "conventional ideas and attitudes" are outdated because they impact adversely on people lives. At the time Ghosts was written (1881), western society was undergoing major changes. Even the Church was having to re-asses its methodology as it was fast losing influence among the middle class; the majority of people. Henceforth, at around this time the church's teachings and methods were greatly revised. Mrs Alving, when replying to a pompous Pastor Manders, gives an example of the church's waning influenceManders "I stand here as a priest, just as I stood before you at the most critical moment of your life."

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Mrs Alving "And what has the Priest to say to me?" Members of the clergy had long been revered as God's representatives on earth, therefore speaking the absolute and were not to be questioned. Not only is Mrs Alving's flippant response a hint of defiance against the church, but also against a man. Her challenging and questioning of mens' authority is a very forward move indeed. Despite this, Pastor Manders is still the embodiment of the old, rigid way of thinking. He is a self-righteous idealist who considers it his role to judge and condemn. "There may still be time to turn him from his sinful ways. Mend your own ways, and save what is left to be saved in him. For the truth is, Mrs Alving, you have failed as a mother, and I consider it my duty to tell you so." From the above excerpt, it can be seen how strongly Pastor Manders clings to the traditional, staunch branch of Christianity, which saw members of the clergy condemn, more than comfort and criticise more than counsel. The decreasing influence of the church provoked fear in many, not least the clergy. This fear led to a suspicion of any ideas or "intellectual trends" which appeared to contradict the Church's teachings. It is suggested that Mrs Alving is reading books, which may do exactly this, possibly she is reading about the growing movement of Women's Suffrage. Pastor Manders indignantly tells herManders "You surely don't imagine I waste my time examining that sort of publication?"Mrs Alving "Which means you know nothing at all about the thing you're denouncing."Pastor Manders "I've read quite enough about such books to disapprove of them."Pastor Manders has not read these books, yet he is quick to abhor them. One cannot form a balanced, reasonable judgement on something when they are basing their argument solely on the opinions of others.Pastor Manders justifies his preconceived ideas about the books by saying "There are many occasions in life when one must rely upon the opinions of others. That is the way of the world. And- rightly too, how else could society continue?"Ibsen regarded this "swapping of opinions between people" as supremely lazy, as it did not call upon the individual to have any independent thought. Ibsen contested that all people must have their own thoughts and opinions. He went as far to say that this was our human obligation "For a student has essentially the same task as the poet to make clear to himself, and thereby to others, the temporal and eternal questions which are astir in the age and in the community to which he belongs." Ibsen despised the way old, unchallenged ideas were relentlessly passed from one person to another, with no thought being made on the receiver's end. In Ibsen's mind these were the "Ghosts"- age-old attitudes which continue to haunt man through their influence.The "Ghost" which haunts Osvald is his inherited syphilis, which he has contracted through no fault of his own. Osvald however is plagued by the fallacy of his father's "good" namePastor Manders "Yes, you've certainly inherited a worthy name from an industrious man my dear Osvald Alving, lets hope it'll be an inspiration to you."Osvald cannot believe that his father led a dissolute life and rejects a Doctor's opinion that his syphilis was inherited. Ibsen describes this by saying "the sins of the father are visited on the son". In this case however, it is also "the sins of the mother which are visited on the son", because had it not been for Mrs Alving's false depiction of Alving, Osvald would freely accept that his syphilis is the unfortunate inheritance from a morally void man. Many would view Osvald's unnecessary guilt and shame, which has been caused and perpetuated by his own mother worse than the disease he has inherited off his father. Therefore the pretence Mrs Alving keeps up for the sake of Alving's good name is a value that would be better to discard in lieu of the harm it can cause.The "Ghost" which haunts Mrs Alving is her adherence to her sometimes-misplaced sense of duty. However Mrs Alving's sense of duty also shows her strength of character in some cases "I had to endure it for my little boy's sake." Had she left the marriage Osvald surely would have suffered, as unmarried women and their children were not looked upon kindly. Despite this, it is because of her sense of duty that she feels she must deceive her son and keep quite about her husband's true nature. It was because of her "duty" towards her class, whose sanctity rests largely on its good name and secrecy surrounding sordid issues, that she endured an intolerable marriage so as not to upset the stability of the bourgeois class "I had to fight twice as hard- a desperate battle so that no one should know what sort of man my child's father was."Mrs Alving is quite an unfortunate character, not only must she contend with a lecherous husband, she must also suffer in silence and shoulder the blame for her husband's shortcomings.Mrs Alving is held accountable for her husband primarily because she is a woman and men in those days were void of moral criticism, terms such as "fallen woman" exemplify the fact that blame for sexual indiscretion was solely the fault of the female. In Mrs Alving's case the downfalls of her husband are somehow her fault. She makes an interesting observation about human nature however when she says"You know how charming Alving was, no one could bring themselves to believe anything but good of him." By this Mrs Alving is saying how the "truth" will seldom interest people if it is too out of character to be believable. People's minds are very simplistic, we want to categorise people as being either "good" or "bad". It is too difficult for many of us to come to terms with the fact that likeable, respectable people can harbour some extremely negative traits or vice versa. Ibsen was adamant to stress the point that no person was either supremely good or evil; every man had pitfalls. He said "Human nature has dark recesses which must be explored and illuminated." Thus it can be said that Ibsen was concerned with creating realistic characters that embody this statement. The old ideas of "good" and "evil" in Ibsen's mind were far too simplistic to be applied to the complex beings that are humans.Ibsen said that recognising this fact was not pessimistic- but liberating "My main goal has been to depict people, human moods and human fates, on the basis of certain pre-dominant social conditions and perceptions. What we see are human conflicts, and enwrapped in these, deep inside, lay ideas at battle- being defeated or charged with victory."Therefore, in his play Ghosts Ibsen is concerned with the moral struggles and conflicts which his characters face, not their "practical" or economic woes.Ibsen was concerned with the emancipation of all people, particularly women who were still very much "trapped" by a rigid, patriarchal society. He said"A woman cannot be herself in the society of the present day, which is an exclusively masculine society, with laws framed by men and with a "judicial system" that "judges" feminine conduct from a masculine point of view.""Feminine conduct being judged from a masculine viewpoint" is unfair, particularly since women did not have the same luxury of judging their male counterparts from a feminine viewpoint. This inequity often led to hypocrisy.Within the play, society's hypocrisy towards women is exemplified by Pastor Manders when he says to Mrs Alving"It is not a wife's place to judge her husband…you deserted the sinner whom you should have helped."In a patriarchal society women were chastised for judging their husbands, but at the same time compelled to help them.Pastor Manders own personal hypocrisy is demonstrated when he says to Mrs Alving"How right I was to be so deeply concerned about your son! In circles where immorality is accepted, even honoured."This outburst is in regards to Osvald's accounts of life within artistic circles in Paris. Manders shows his hypocritical nature when he says of Osvald's father"A piece of unseemly high spirits on his part, Mrs Alving..It can't have been more than high spirits, believe me."Because Alving has a respected name and position in society, Manders finds it impossible to admit to himself that Alving was not the person he thought he was, or that his actions were wrong. If anything, Alving's indiscretions were far worse than the artists, because he was a married man, who belonged to a social class that "hid" his follies, where as the artists are at the forefront of societies criticisms even though they are essentially living as man and wife without the church's approval. This double standard embraced by Manders is grossly unfair, particularly in an age when society was beginning to tolerate couples living out of wedlock, so long as they were not promiscuous, as Alving was in his marriage.Mrs Alving says of Ghosts "I'm haunted by ghosts..But I'm inclined to think that we're all ghosts, Pastor Manders; it's not only the things we've inherited from our fathers and mothers that live on in us, but all sorts of dead ideas and old dead beliefs, and things of that sort…we can't rid ourselves of them."Ibsen is using Mrs Alving as a direct catalyst for his own views on the subject of "ghosts". He himself wrote "we sail, with a corpse in the cargo." Literally meaning a useless, dead weight, which inhibits our progress forward. Thus it can be said that Ibsen aptly summarised the play by calling it "a study of the effects of conventional ideas and attitudes that are no longer beneficial to society." The "ideas and attitudes" are "no longer beneficial to society" because they are inhibiting human progress, if anything they are regressing progress because of the devastating effects they have on people's lives.Thus, Ibsen's play Ghosts is a contrived documentation of a changing society, which was encountering numerous difficulties as people struggled to adapt. These changes had huge implications on almost every facet of life including religion, marriage and family. It is important to note however that not all ideals changed. Fidelity for example, was and still is viewed as extremely important by most people. Ghosts is also a play which illuminates peoples inability to escape from their pasts, or from ideas of the past. All of the characters in the play are plagued by either one of these things, which in turn creates further conflict, such as Pastor Mander's hypocrisy and self-righteousness. Ibsen was determined to show what a devastating impact the "forgotten" past can have in the present and the dangerous nature of outdated ideas that are still put into practise. Every event in the play enforces this, which is a credit to Ibsen's skills as a playwright.

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Mandatory Sentencing

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Mandatory Sentences Effective or Waste of Money?

In the 180's a crime wave swept over American cities. The public and politicians began to complain that offenders were being released before serving terms that were long enough. The states wanted to send a clear message If you do the crime, you will do the time. State legislatures responded by enacting mandatory sentences "a sentence stipulating that some minimum period of incarceration must be served by people convicted of selected crimes, regardless of background or circumstances" (Cole, 00 p. 7). As a part of this "the judge may not consider the circumstances of the offense or the background of the offender, and may not impose sentences that do not involve incarceration" (Cole, 00, p. 7). These mandatory prison sentences are used most often when the crime is of a violent nature, for recurrent criminals, drug offenses, or when firearms are used. These laws have become increasingly popular and are frequently used for drug offenses. Some arguments for and against the use of mandatory minimums are usually seen pertaining to issues such as punishment, fairness, deterrence, and justice. To some proponents of these laws, "the certainty and severity of mandatory minimums make them better able to achieve incarceration's goals than more flexible sentencing policies" (Caulkins, et al., 17). According to them, those goals included punishing offenders and keeping them from committing more crimes as well as deterring others who are not in prison from committing similar crimes. Those against worry that "mandatory minimums foreclose discretionary judgment where it may most be needed, and they fear mandatory minimums result in instances of unjust punishment" (Caulkins, et al., 17). Some examples of these mandatory sentencing laws are "three strikes" or "habitual offender" laws that force judges to give a fixed sentence. Some lawmakers believe that these harsh, inflexible sentencing laws would be seen as a means of deterring others from becoming offenders. The purpose of these laws was to punish the high-level, violent offenders. Are these laws working or are they simply another waste of funds that could be used in better ways?

"Most mandatory sentences were designed as weapons in the drug war with an awful consequence we now live in a country where it's common to get a longer sentence for selling a neighbor a joint then for sexually abusing her" (Cloud, 1). This makes no sense; violent criminals should be seeing the longer sentences. How are these sentences serving as a deterrent? It seems as if it is better in the long run to commit a violent offense, you will serve less time. Some who were once proponents of these sentences are now opposing them. A Princeton professor, John DiIulio Jr., wrote a defense of mandatory sentencing laws in 14 titled "Let ‘Em Rot" now point out "that more young, nonviolent, first time offenders are being incarcerated" and states that "they won't find suitable role models in prison" (Cloud, 1). Sending young offenders away for lengthy sentences where they will serve and interact with other violent individuals increases the chance they will get out and continue to commit more crimes, maybe even more violent ones. With these mandatory sentencing requirements judges and prosecutors are prevented from "offering leniency to juveniles, even when they believe rehabilitation is possible" (Court TV.com, 001).

According to the Drug Policy Alliance, the Rand Corporation found that these types of laws "have had little significant impact on the crime and arrest rates" (Drug Policy Alliance). They also state that according to the Uniform Crime Reports, states without these laws had the lowest rates of index crimes and the highest rate of index crimes were found in the states with these types of laws (Drug Policy Alliance). This doesn't seem to prove the initial idea that these policies will serve as deterrents; in fact, it seems to show the opposite.

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Depending on the state, it costs anywhere from $8,000 to $55,000 per year to lock up a prisoner. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws have contributed to America's prison population and this has caused, from 187 to 18, an increase in state spending on corrections by 0 percent (Drug Policy Alliance, 001). Currently more than "0 percent of all criminal defendants plead guilty", as the sentences get harsher, "fewer defendants will plead guilty" (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 17). This means more defendants will be going to trial and this in turn will clog the courts and cause another increase in spending. With more offenders being sent to prison and these individuals sentenced to serve longer sentences, the prison population will continue to increase. More prisons will be needed due to overcrowding and that means more money will be used for building them. This doesn't seem like an effective use of tax dollars.With tougher economic times some states are now rethinking that costly lockup strategy. The need to close budget gaps may not be the right reason to change the rules but it is a driving force behind it. "Eliminating mandatory minimums for the least-dangerous offenders is helping to free up space in overcrowded prisons to ensure that violent criminals remain locked up" (USA Today.com, 00). Michigan eliminated minimum sentencing, this move is "expected to save $41 million a year and lead to the release of more than 1,100 inmates, some sentenced to 00 years for non-violent offenses" (USA Today.com, 00). Washington also enacted a law that reduces sentences for minor drug offenses. "saving $8 million annually in prison costs. The state is funneling some of that money into drug-treatment programs" (USA Today.com, 00). According to an article titled Let's Repeal Mandatory minimums, a Gallup survey of 50 state and 4 federal judges belonging to the American Bar Association "found that 8% were in favor and 0% opposed" the federal mandatory minimums for drug offenses" (Kopel, 1). If some states are changing these laws and the majority of judges are opposed to the laws why are they still an issue?It's true that reducing crime is a concern to all and deterring crime by punishing offenders with long, harsh sentences seems like an easy way to accomplish this goal. But are these mandatory minimum sentences even fair and do the satisfy justice? It seems by the information provided that these laws create a never-ending cycle of increased spending. Increased sentences create more offenders taking their chances in court, backing up the system, overcrowding the jails and generating the need for more and more money to be spent. The overcrowding in the prisons mean more and more prisons will be needed. It's true, crime needs to be reduced, but there has to be a better and less costly way to do it. ReferencesCaulkins, J. P., Rydell, C. P., Schwabe, W. L., & Chiesa, J. (17). Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers Money?. Retrieved October , 00, from Rand Publications http//www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR87/Cloud, J. (1, February 1). A Get-Tough Policy That Failed. Retrieved October , 00, from http//members.aol.com/digasa/stats.htmConstitutional Rights Foundation.. The Challenge of Violence. Retrieved October 5, 00, from Constitutional Rights Foundation http//www.crf-usa.org/marketing/violence.pdfCourt TV.com. (001, May 18). Recent murder trials sparks debate over Floridas juvenile system. Retrieved October 6, 00, from Court TV.com http//www.courttv.com/trials/brazill/051801_ap.htmlDrug Policy Alliance. (001, March). Mandatory Sentencing. Retrieved October 10, 00, from Publications and Library http//www.drugpolicy.org/library/factsheets/mandatorysentance_factsheet_library.cfmKopel, D. (1). Lets Repeal Mandatory Minimums. The National Law Journal, 15. Retrieved October , 00, from Independence Institute http//ii.org/SuptDocs/Crime/Lets_Repeal_Mandatory_Minimums.htmUSA Today.com. (00, June 0). Easing mandatory sentences requires sound solutions [Editorial/Opinion]. Retrieved October 6, 00, from USA Today.com http//www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/00-06-0-edit_x.htm

Please note that this sample paper on Mandatory Sentencing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Mandatory Sentencing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Mandatory Sentencing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sun' new Product Portfolio

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SUN MICROSYSTEMS

ISSUE What should be the Sun's product portfolio (or product mix) given the current environmental conditions and competition?

SUGGESTION

Sun should change its image from server maker to solution provider including hardware, software and services and look for partners if something is missing in the value chain. Sun should focus on low-end servers and Linux. Sun should build application to manage the distributed processing and storage power. For Java build the good developer tools.

SUN'S CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

1.1 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

High-end Servers UNIX® platform-based systems and incorporates UltraSPARC III microprocessor.

Mid-range Servers UltraSPARC III processor and Solaris Operating System.

Entry server systems & Blade Server Processor architecture (SPARC or x86), form factor (rackable or stand-alone systems) both Solaris and Linux operating systems.

Desktops and Workstations Product line includes 64-bit workstation.

1. SOFTWARE

Solaris Operating System (OS) The Solaris OS for SPARC and x86 platforms.

Java Platform

Java platform application environment allows development of application software independent of the underlying operating system or microprocessor. There are various version of Java Platform Standard, enterprise and Micro (for embedded systems such as PDA, phone etc.) editions.

Sun ONE Developer Platform

Provides a desktop-to-mainframe development and test environment for programming in C, C++ and Java programming languages.

N1™.

N1 software is to allow a data center to work like a single system by combining foundation resources (e.g. servers, storage and network devices) with virtualization, provisioning, policy and automation, and monitoring.

1. NETWORK STORAGE

High-end data storage systems provide a platform for direct attach storage or storage area network (SAN) solutions.

1.4 SERVICES

Sun services team provides support services (support for hardware and software) and Professional and Educational services.

SUN'S NET REVENUES FOR THREE YEARS (dollars in millions)

(Source www.sun.com sun's annual report)

00 Change 00 Change 001Computer Systems products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,4 (15.6)% $ 7,6 (40.)% $1,8Network Storage products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,550 (8.7)% 1,67 (5.4)% ,66Products net revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7,7 (14.)% $ ,0 (.4)% $15,015Percentage of total net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.% (4.6) pts 7.8% (.5) pts 8.%Support services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,844 1.1% $ ,58 16.0 % $ ,188Professional and Educational services . . . . . . . . .77 (7.)% 865 (17.4)% 1,047Services net revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,641 7.0 % $ ,40 5. % $ ,5Percentage of total net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8% 4.6 pts 7.% .5 pts 17.7%Total net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$11,44 (8.5)% $1,46 (1.5)% $18,50

SUN AND ITS COMPETITORS REVENUE FOR 00 SECOND QTR

source (http//www.idc.com/getdoc.jhtml?containerId=pr00_08_8_154747)

(Revenues are in Millions)

Q 00 Market Q 00 Market Revenue Growth

Vendor Revenue Share Revenue Share 00/00

IBM $,1 7.7% $,8 0.4% 10.1%

Hewlett-Packard $,5 7.7% $,46 7.7% 0.6%

Sun Microsystems $1,76 16.6% $1,44 1.5% -18.6%

Dell $81 8.4% $80 .% .4%

Fujitsu Siemens $5 .4% $86 .7% 10.64%

Others $1,818 17.% $1,74 16.4% -4.15%

All Vendors $10,57 100.0% $10,616 100.0% 0.17%

4 SUN'S NEW SUGGESTED PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

As we can see Sun's revenue is declining in almost every area except support services. There are various reasons why Sun's revenue is declining. One is that overall external conditions such as downturn in overall market are not favorable. Merrill Lynch analyst Steven Milunovich urged Sun Microsystems's CEO Scott McNealy and the board to cut costs and to focus on core computing (Analyst Urges Job Cuts, New Focus for Sun Micro, Wall Street, Oct. 00). Sun is now perceived as proprietary and expensive (Sun Micro Reports Earning, Troubles Seen Continuing, Wall street Journal, 16th Oct. 00). These all facts directed towards same thing that Sun's current product portfolio is not according to market demands. Even in downturn Sun's competitor's are doing better than Sun, so there is strong requirement to analyze Sun's current product portfolio including hardware, software and services area.

4.1 MORE AGGRESSIVE ON LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

(http//www.enterprisenetworksandservers.com/monthly/art.php/8) According to IDC, a research firm, in contrast to the Windows and Linux server market, the Unix server market has declined about two fifths of its value, between 000 and 00. By 007, Unix share will drop to 7% and Linux share will increase to 5%. After 5 to 10 years Linux will outperform Unix and will take over Unix in most of the industry.

It is true that one of the Sun's strengths is its reliable, secure and robust Solaris operating system. However, as we can see the IT world is shifting towards cheaper Linux operating systems. The world's developer force and support of big companies like IBM, Oracle is behind Linux. So there will be a time in near future when Linux will out perform the Solaris or any other operating system. In my opinion, Sun is repeating the same mistake what IBM did in the mainframe era. IBM realized the mistake and turned it back to provide the integrated solution, however it missed the PC lead. IBM is no more solely mainframe company.

For IBM, PC and Unix were disruptive technologies. Disruptive innovation introduced by Clayton Christensen in his book, The Innovators Dilemma, provide an excellent way for understanding what the drivers are for change in the server market. According to Christensen, for incumbents, it is very hard to make a case for disruptive technologies because they are far less performing and less revenue making than revenue generating sustaining technologies. However, as soon as disruptive technology outperforms the sustaining technology, clients shift from the old to new technologies. For Unix, Linux is a disruptive innovation.

My suggestion here is that Sun should go and endorse the Linux even if it has Unix lead.

4. MORE FOCUS ON X86 BASED SERVER

SPARC based server are expensive for low end and mid range server. In the high-end server market or RISC based processor, competition was less intense. Competitors were Motorola, IBM, Fujitsu and Apple, not Intel and AMD. Now in 64-bit era, Intel launched new Itanium and Xeon MP processors and AMD launched Opteron microprocessor. Demand for x86 based low-end server and mid range server is increasing because of low cost and good performance. Sun relies on Texas Instruments to build its microprocessor ( www.sun.com annual report) and it outsources its servers to third party. So it is very hard for SUN to beat on price from Intel and AMD. Why sun has to design its own SPARC microprocessor when there are leaders in microprocessor area. Sun should leverage the strength of other companies like Intel.

4. MORE FOCUS ON BLADE SERVERS

(http//www.idc.com/getdoc.jhtml?containerId=pr00_0_11_150000) According to IDC, Server blades are on the cusp of tremendous growth in the market. While they represented only about % of the server unit shipments in Q0, IDC expects more than 7% of all new servers to ship worldwide by 007. Server blades suit the needs of customers with large data centers involving hundreds or thousands of servers. Typical examples would be financial services firms, Internet service providers, e-commerce sites, large banks, and telecommunications companies (http//www.serverbladesummit.com/industrynews/index.asp - hotmarket).

In coming time, computing needs would be more distributed than centralized in one location on big power server. Sun has made its image in telecom and Internet industry. Sun can leverage its customer base to give this solution. Sun should be more focused on providing low-end and mid-range blade servers by focusing on telecom and Internet niche market.

4.4 PARTNERSHIP FOR DESKTOP AND WORKSTATIONS

Sun needs to provide the full solution to its customers, which makes sense. However, why Sun needs to build these desktops/workstations? It can not compete anyway on the price with companies like DELL. In my opinion, Sun should not waste its energy in this, it should look out for strategic partnership with companies like Dell who are expert in this area.

4.5 SUN SHOULD BUILD JAVA TOOLS WHERE THE MONEY IS

(http//servlet.java.sun.com/help/legal_and_licensing) Most of the Java.sun.com products including JEE standard, runtime, enterprise and micro editions are free to download and redistribute with some value addition. Sun's Java effort were to increase its server sale, however, it failed to do so. Java absorbed Sun's revenue and helped competitors like IBM, HP in fight against Microsoft Monopoly. Sun and its partner will spend 500 millions on Java branding like Intel did with Intel inside campaign. McNealy (http//www.bayarea.com/mld/mercurynews/business/606167.htm) insisted that Suns branding campaign would not lead to Sun making Java proprietary in any way. ``Java is like English, he said. ``You dont make money owning English. So why Sun is putting its money in Java standardization. Sun focus should be on building the easy to use Java tools like Microsoft visual studio. So that Java can be easily adopted by developers and generates revenue for SUN which really matters in end.

4.6 DATA STORAGE HARDWARE BY PARTNERSHIP

Sun is a new player in this industry. According to IDC this is again a growing industry as it provides the flexibility to increase and decrease the storage demands based upon the needs. EMC, IBM, Hitachi, and HPQ are the big players in this industry. Sun did a good job in this by making Hitachi a strategic alliance in this and selling its data storage because time to market is crucial thing instead of making its own hardware.

4.7 BE THE LEADER IN MANAGING DISTRIBUTED POWER AND STORAGE UNIT

Sun's vision is "network is computer". That is very good and broad vision according to me. Is Sun diligently focusing on it? I will take this vision as processing power and storage will be more distributed and winner will be the one who can provide hardware as well as great software to manage all these distributed devices virtually. The need that comes out of this is managing this distributed processing power. Ultimately building blades or storage devices would not going to be key differentiation, the key differentiation would be managing these products remotely and seamlessly. There are leaders in storage area, but nobody has full solution to manage these distributed processing power and devices. Sun could lead in this area by providing software to manage the distributed power and other network devices.

4.8 MORE FOCUS ON SERVICES AND CHANGE THE IMAGE TO SOLUTION PROVIDER FROM SERVER PROVIDER

Today's the needs of services has increased and it will be more in the near future as the computing power is penetrating in the nonIT world. Non IT world is looking at the IT industry for solutions because there are so many solutions out there. IT companies can not just throw bits and pieces and say build yourself, these companies need help. Sun can help these customers and can make money on this. Currently Sun revenue for services is very low (7% of total revenue). Sun was providing the customer support not the real services to these companies. Sun has recently become more aggressive in this area by joining third party manufacturers. I have to say that Sun has to become more prominent in this area. HP and IBM are taking the customers by providing the full solutions to the customers. So if Sun left behind in this, it does not matter how good or bad Sun's product portfolio is. Sun should define its niche market and should go after those customer to provide the complete solution.

References

Please note that this sample paper on Sun' new Product Portfolio is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sun' new Product Portfolio, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Sun' new Product Portfolio will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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1984 As An AP Book

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George Orwell's 184 is a true masterpiece; there are so many aspects of literature and human emotion that make Orwell's novel a true classic. Orwell's novel has so many different unique characteristics that separate it from other works. The sheer brilliance of human emotion and diction that makes the reader believe a government take over is possible; along with allowing him/her to have different perspectives on an event all contribute to 184's compelling story and classic use of humanism.

Unlike other books designated as AP or "Masterpiece" 184 offers a very unique experience. 184 strays away from the true and tried formula of "my childhood was very traumatic, here is it". In doing so it offers a much more interesting reading experience. 184 allows the reader to imagine a horrific future world in which the principle of Democracy or other free government has fallen, and totalitarianism has risen to dominate. Free speech is no more, free expression is history; and history has been modified to fit the wants of "The Party". It's different, which is exactly what works for 184, its uniqueness draws the reader into the novel after the first few pages. This is a much darker novel than is normally read in an AP level class and it's a breath of fresh air. The darkness of the novel is another aspect of the novel that pulls the reader into the novel. It's not so much the plot that captivates the readers as much as it is the tone and mood of the novel. A gloomy, dark novel is much more interesting and appealing to the mind than is a lengthy narrative.

Orwell's writing style does much to compliment the dark, dreariness of the novel. The first characteristic of 184 that is apparent is the fact that the entire novel is in the past tense. From reading the novel one understands the dark tone of the novel and realizes that it is not going to end on a happy note. The narration by Winston is done extremely well by Orwell in that the voice of doom is easily heard through Orwell's language. In addition to Orwell's diction is the tone that is consistent throughout the novel; that of darkness, frustration, fear, and despair. The following quote is extremely powerful as it relates to despair and frustration; "And when memory failed and written records were falsified- when that happened, the claim of the party to have improved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did not exist, and never again could exist, any standard against which it could be tested." This quote shows how the party is trying to weaken any and all memories of history before the revolution. The logic is, if no one remembers the times before the revolution, they have nothing to compare their current state of life to. The party has in turn, created a history in which they are the accepted and loved rulers. This state of mind leads directly to another quote from Orwell's masterpiece; "Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past."

184 has come and gone, but Orwell's vision of what could have been is still as frightening as ever. The concept of government taking complete control over its citizens (or should they be called subjects?) is not as farfetched as it sounds. The novel itself tackles many aspects of humanism including psychological manipulation, and physical punishment. These are specific items that do not lose their power or significance over time, rather they become more powerful and influential. Orwell's 184 is comparable to a fine wine; it just gets better with age.

Please note that this sample paper on 1984 As An AP Book is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 1984 As An AP Book, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on 1984 As An AP Book will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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