VANGOGH AND MONET

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VANGOGH AND MONET

The three works that I chose to analyze were done in two different periods; two were post impressionistic and one was impressionistic. Vincent VanGogh and Claude Monet are artists that are both memorable and timeless in their expression of art. Impressionism was developed in France and the followers of the movement were dedicated to make their art reflect contemporary realty in their society. On the other hand Post-Impressionism does not denote a single style, while the artists sought to bring meaning to their work while trying to retain basic values that prevail throughout impressionism. Claude Monet and fellow colleagues united in their discontent against traditional artistic conceptions gave birth to what we now term as "impressionistic art." One such work that conceptualizes this phrase is The Stroll. Post Impressionism sought to build on the fundamentals of impressions but give it a depth and meaning; two works of Vincent VanGogh's that epitomize this are the Starry Night and Wheat Field with Crows.

Impressionism emphasized painting directly from nature, eliminating the black and white outlines and shadows that were typical of academic painting. Claude Monet's The Stroll epitomizes the Impressionistic concept of "the glance". The work shows Mrs. Monet in the midst of a stroll with a beautiful backdrop; where the image is almost superimposed with the background. The work is given an unreal quality where the viewer doesn't know where the clouds begin and Mrs. Monet's scarf ends. The spiraling folds of her dress give the viewer the impression of a gentle breeze blowing through the painting. One is almost enraptured when looking at the painting (almost snapshot) of a young Mrs. Monet with her son taking an evening walk. Monet imparts to the viewer a sense of depth with his vivid use of colors to separate and collude both the characters and the scenery. A singular distinction that sets impressionistic artists apart from their predecessors was their use of color to impart not only texture and body to a work but to also contrast and allude to "happy thoughts".

Similarly VanGogh also uses color to focus the audiences' attention towards the hidden meaning in the work. Starry Night, while arguably one of the1th centuries most important works is also a work that deals with the backdrop as a focal point. The work shows an evening of bright stars that are depicted as huge circles in the nights' sky amidst a sleeping town. While the work does not use many shades of color; the viewer is imparted with a sense of a quiet evening on the outskirts of town with nothing as far as the eye could see except for stars in the heavens. This work was painted during Mr. Vangogh's time at the asylum at Saint-Remy. He did not make any references to this work in his frequent letters to Theo (his brother) but the impact is still discussed in forums today; one of the most remarkable asides is the fact that this was not painted from sight but from memory. Some believe that this is an actual painting of the constellation of Aries, the moon and Venus; a reconstruction from Griffith Park Observatory has been used to show that when both are aligned upon each other they bear a remarkable resemblance to one another (VanGoghGallery, 00).

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Another remarkable work that also bears a resemblance to Van Gogh's Starry Night is the Wheat Field with Crows. The two works while very similar have two very distinctive connotations and feelings in them, in Wheat field with Crows I felt alone in a vast lonely field; it felt more of a solitary and empty loneliness as opposed to the feeling of the peaceful quiet portrayed in Starry Night. Some said that this work was VanGoghs suicide note put to canvas and others discouraged this negative approach to the work and favor a more positive outlook (Van Gogh Gallery, 00). The viewer can interpret the paths to symbolize the many paths one can take in life; and due to mental illness VanGogh was suffering it was all the more real to him. The crows the most powerful symbol within the painting is a representation of death or devastation to most and depending on whether you are viewing the crows descending toward you or away from you can mean death approaching or in the latter departing. VanGoghs' use of color and light brush stroke with a more contextual scene can definitively place it among the post-impressionistic works of the time.

While the works can be linked together with the same flowing style where there are no strong lines to separate one object from the other they are also different based upon their context. While impressionism dealt with a lighter side of life it seems that same use of color and style could also be used to relay those deeper messages littered throughout life that took upon the name Post-Impressionism. The use of color and light to impart the slight divisions among the different parts of the paintings I feel give it more of life of its own as opposed to the stark lines and dismal subject matter of prior time periods. BIBLIOGRAPHYDavid Brooks, (16-00). The Vincent van Gogh Gallery. Retrieved 07/17/00 From http//www.vangoghgallery.com/.Please note that this sample paper on VANGOGH AND MONET is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on VANGOGH AND MONET, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on VANGOGH AND MONET will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Genetically Modified Foods

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Genetically Modified Foods18 7 Americans are killed and 5,000 left permanently disabled from a fatal blood disorder, after consuming a toxin produced by genetically modified food.1 Genetically altered "snowdrop potatoes" found to have a viral promoter that damages the organs and immune systems of mammals. 001 60% of all processed foods (bread, ice cream, meat products and candies) in U.S. markets include genetically modified soybean products.

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The future Superpests, superweeds, and mutated organisms will be created. These facts illustrate during the past decade, the largest experiment in human history has begun with humans as the guinea pigs and the world's ecological system as the test site (Torr 11). Despite the few positive effects from the making and growing of genetically modified foods, these foods are harmful to human health and society.

To assess the damages that genetically modified (GM) foods pose to the world, people need to familiarize themselves with what genetically modifying food is. To genetically engineer something, scientists have to change the DNA of the living organism through various "genetic surgery" laboratory techniques. All organisms have genes, made up of DNA, which is the blueprint for everything in the living organism. Recently engineers in molecular biology have figured out ways to cut and rejoin strands of DNA using enzymes. Scientists have also learned that the only way to change the cells is to attach the enzymes to highly infectious viruses. The virus inserts itself into the cell, which incorporates the enzyme into the strands of DNA. The cell starts to copy the enzyme and at times the virus, thus infecting the DNA and changing the cells of the organism (Genetic). This may sound exciting at first, but closer examination exposes that politics and money are taking priority over potential dangers. The irony is that the world already has the ability to feed the world's population without the need of high-yielding GM foods. Also, scientists have the ability to change the traits of organisms through a natural modification procedure. One way is through selective breeding, which has the same outcome as genetic engineering. In selective breeding the desired trait of the plant or animal is bred and hopefully passed into its offspring. Another way to duplicate the genetic approach is through grafting, a process whereby the trunk or branches of a plant well suited for growing in a climate but vulnerable to pests and disease can be cut off. The trunk or branch can then be attached to a plant where conditions aren't always right, and the disease or pests are unknown (Cobb 18+). Time and effort are the only drawbacks to these processes. In genetics there are countless side effects such as the use of highly infectious viruses and gene mutations leading to toxins or allergens.

Although high risks are taken by geneticists to achieve their goals, there are a few possible needs for GM foods. One is that the human population is growing at an astonishing rate. Therefore, the agriculture land once used for farming is now being developed in order to house the growing population. Genetically engineering crops and food comes into play when farmers can grow foods in less then ideal conditions and create crops with higher yields in less time. Another factor is that scientists can create foods with longer shelf life. This means that they can be picked, shipped, and distributed without the worry of them spoiling before retail sale. One example of this is the Flavr Savr tomatoes created a few years ago. Scientists learned how to turn off the genes that created the rotting problem after the tomato is picked. Instead they can be picked green, and then transported, allowing the tomatoes to ripen and stay ripe for up to 10 days plenty of time for sale in any rural market (Keynes). Pests and disease are one more reason that GM foods are produced. They have inserted a gene into most agriculture crops that produces its own pest control agent, eliminating the need for spraying.

The answers to these needs are not solved without the concern for the well being of the world. These feasible solutions to our problems have many negative results. The Flavr Savr tomato was injected with a gene to adjust its normal function. There is no way to tell if the gene, virus, or enzyme will eventually have the same effects when inserted into a totally unrelated species. Most likely, these changed genes (proteins) would prove safe for human consumption (Emmerson 5). Many of those crops that can create their own pesticides actually produce hundreds of times more toxins per acre than does an application of the same toxin sprayed directly on the plants.

Genetic manipulation can increase the chances that the plants will develop toxic or allergy-causing compounds. This leads to the harmful effects of GM foods on the human society. Therefore, it should be the obligation of experts to examine the GM foods before making them available to the public in order to avoid harmful effects. For example, when some people who are allergic to peanuts eat GM products such as tomatoes (which were injected with similar peanut genes) they are affected by the allergens of the peanut from the tomato.

This problem leads to the most widely debated issue over GM foods, the need for labeling. Labeling is vital to food-allergic individuals, who need to know when their purchases are potentially dangerous. Since most GM foods are indistinguishable in appearance from non-GM foods, most consumers will not know what they are buying. The FDA tries to cover up as many GM foods as they can. They follow the regulations but twist the moral issues. Existing FDA regulations mandate that companies label sweeteners added to canned vegetables by conventional methods. Yet the sweeteners added to the vegetables by genetic engineering do not have to be labeled. Another topic that the FDA has pushed aside is the labeling of animal genes added to plants used as food. Most religious individuals, who follow strict dietary laws, have seen no steps taken to accommodate their beliefs and restrictions (Torr 150+).

With the increased use of GM field crops, the environment is subject to genetic pollution. There are countless ways that pollen can be carried, thus inflicting turmoil between organic farmers and genetic farmers. Birds, bees, insects, wind and rain carry the GM-pollen across acres of fields and mixes the pollen with organic plants. Environmentalists are considering an "allowable limit" of genetic pollution of non-GM foods. They have to set up a limit because it can't be stopped or controlled. Once these crops are grown and released into the ecosystem, it is impossible for them to be cleaned up or recalled to the labs. All genetic mutations will eventually be passed to future generations of plants (Cummins).

For the most part, the information about GM foods has a positive affect on society. This is partly because the biotechnology revolution is occurring before our eyes, and the number of commercially successful products is still quite small. However, the number of genetically modified foods reaching our plate is on the rise, and before eating, consumers should take a brief look at the already proven and likely hazards of GM foods. The issue of genetic modification technology and its use in food production is a sensitive and controversial topic. Public debate should be encouraged to enable an understanding between the organic and inorganic consumers.

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The Dark Side of Education

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Dark Side of Education, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Dark Side of Education paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Shawad DaraJuly 5, 00English 101The Dark Side of Education

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Social status plays a pivotal role in this country. It is difficult for many people, especially immigrants, to get the right kind of education to boost them up the ladder of success. Jean Anyon, author of "The Hidden Curriculum of Work" spoke of how the quality of education is out of balance in our society. In my opinion, there exist three obstacles that Americans commonly face that inhibit them from a quality education. These include under representation, adaptation to the U.S. education system, and financial instability. Is quality education for everyone or just for the wealthy?Students from a lower social class in America are continuously under represented. In fact, one out of every five pursues a higher form of education after high school. Issues such as immediate financial need persuade students to seek early employment. Hence, most end up in careers such as auto-mechanics or construction. Cost of studying and being in debt are also concerns because they prohibit these students from going to universities or colleges for higher education. The few who make it to a University or college are overwhelmed by the long work hours to help pay for their food and tuition. Therefore, they have little time to study, which affects their grades negatively. William Zinsser said in "College Pressure", "I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure."

For the most part, underprivileged students are immigrants from other countries who come to America with a desire and passion to learn. Since our education system is heavily dependant on the textbooks that schools use everyday in their classes, many immigrants have a hard time understanding what is being taught because English is not their primary language. In a book by Mike Rose called Lives on a Boundary, he speaks of a Chinese boy who migrated from China and was not taught much English in his new school, so instead he started hanging out in recreation rooms, playing pool and watching T.V. Slowly he started to comprehend the English spoken on the T.V. and was able to speak, to read, and to write. Here, this Chinese boy is a good example of our educational system failing immigrants. The teachers failed to teach him to read and write good English, so he was forced to learn on his own. Frank Marell is also a great example of our education failing our immigrants. Back in his home country of Italy, he lived in a poor town where there was not emphasis on education. After him and his family arrived in America he continued his education. His parents did not make much money and he was sent to a low status school where their reading, speaking, and writing educational methods re poor. So Frank took jobs as a shoe shiner at local barbers shops where he would listen to other people talk and use that to brush up his English. Frank never gave up, and because of his determination, and dedication he was able to teach himself what he thought at first was impossible. I am surprised at the number of immigrants who have climbed the ladder of success in spite of the difficulties they encountered. If people would just give our children a chance to learn and grow through education, by not excluding them because of their class or background, then people would have such a better outlook on education as a whole.

Many have started to question education in this nation, are educational opportunities equal for everyone or just for the wealthy? Long ago a man named Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which entails how one creates a perfect educational system that is fair to everybody. He stated, "All children begin life and schooling the same. Over time, and through numerous tests, those who prove worthy are separated from those less likely to succeed. These chosen are slowly and logically weeded until a select few remain to compose the ruling class." He believed that all inhabitants (citizens and aliens) would receive the same education and let there own skills determine how far they can go. Allan Simpson, another author said in his tract "The Marks of an Educated Man", "Any education that matters is liberal. All the saving truths and healing graces that distinguished a good education from a bad one or a full education from a half-empty one are contained in that word." But People of higher social status attempt to use education to better themselves and their children at the expense of others through several methods. First, as mentioned previously, the students continue to acquire education to such a point that their education distinguishes them from the average student. For example if most of the work force has an undergraduate degree, then they will earn a masters degree to gain an advantage. Second, they will send their children to private schools that are perceived as better than public schools due to smaller class sizes and an emphasis on core academic subjects. Third, parents will move into more expensive neighborhoods where the public schools are seen as better. In theory, these better schools are open to all. In reality, they are limited to those well off enough to be able to afford to live within their district boundaries.The poor and immigrated students are continuously under represented and the established and wealthy students are getting the quality education. The middle class of students are able to afford moderately good education or at times education as good as the wealthy can. The poor and immigrated classes of students are always in the stress of being in debt and the rich classes of students never have the worry of not being able to afford any type of education and go into debt. The middle class has both of these problems, at times they are doing well and parents are able to send their children to great colleges and sometimes some of the middle class families encounter money problems and can only send their students to mediocre colleges and universities.

Education has become such a necessity for today's generation. Poor and immigrated students are to trying to acquire the same level of education that the rich and fortunate students can in order to be successful in life and obtain better social status. Under representation, adaptation to the U.S. education system and financial instability are many hardships faced by these students. The opportunity for quality education often seems diminished.

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Introduction To Visual Art

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Introduction to the Visual ArtsThroughout history art has played an intricate role in societys perception of life. Art is used as form of expressionism be it physical or emotional, religious or the mockery of religion. The birth of new artistic eras were due to the technological advancements of the world. Below are a few examples of works of art that from different era in our humanity.Francisco de Stefanos, named Pesellino during the renaissance, A Miracle of Saint Silvester is a scene representative of an episode of Saint Silvesters life who was pope during the reign of Constantine the Great. Originally this work forms the lower portion of an altarpiece. The scene may be recognized as showing the miracle by which the Pope Saint Silvester convinced Helen, the mother of the emperor Constantine, that her sons conversion to Christianity was justifiable. Saint Silvester is shown bringing back to life a bull that had been killed by a Jewish Doctor, who had argued for his faith. Witnessing this godly act all present at this scene were converted to Christianity. Helen is seen enthroned under the right hand loggia, the Emperor under the left hand, while the Jewish pagans witness the miracle. Pesellino uses rich colors that entice the spectators attention, which was common during the Renaissance. The use of orange, blue, and gold allows the artist to draw the spectators attention to what he feels is imperative within the work. Pesellino composes with an extremely finished style which is apparent with the detail used in the facial features as well as the gold trim that is which is shown on all present within the work. This style of painting opened the door for many artists who followed.Andrea Del Sartos Saint John the Baptist only one of few paintings in America composed by Del Sarto. He composed this work of the patron saint of Florence at the height of his artistic career. The harmonious balance composition, delicate modeling, and glowing tonalities are hallmarks of his artistic style. The graceful design and blending of rich colors reflect the idealized style of the High Renaissance. He also uses Christian and classical traditions such as the portrayal of a coarse hair shirt, pointing hand, and reed cross are representative of Jesus Christ. The use of light on the right arm and pointing hand draws the spectator to focus attention to the cross symbolizing Christ. The use of analogous colors, red and green gives the spectator a genuine portrayal of human skin and stimulates our eyes. The use of golden halo and ivy reef alludes to Bacchus, who was considered a pagan antetype of both Christ and the Baptist during the Renaissance.The late Roman Hunting Scene is mosaic that was escavated from Antioch in three pieces of pavement. The sheer size of this work is breath taking, 0 ft. 6.5 inches X ft. .75 inches. The mosaic depicts the hunting of dangerous game, an aristocratic pastime which is represented throughout Roman work. At first glance from a distance one may mistake the pavement to be a carpet. At the center position is a hunter surrounded by animals in a pattern that doesnt clutter the mosaic. The animals are portrayed more naturalistic than the humans and were used to fill the voids in the mosaic. The tiles are arranged in an arching motion, which gives the illusion of movement to the spectator. Hunters on foot and horseback attack a variety of animals that are highly placed with in the animal kingdom. There is a sense of grotesqueness due to the portrayal of blood with in the mosaic. The hunters seem to consider their conquests as sporty due to their facial expressions. The hunters dress in a Hellenistic style.Mosaics were produced by workshops consisting of mastercraftsmen and apprentices. Mosaicists painted or scored the basic designs ad figures into the wet surface. Tesserae were then laid onto a thin bed of sort mortar. Once the entire floor was finished, the surface was polished with an abrasive stone and fine sand. An excellent piece of architecture is the Chapter House from west central France. It served the purpose of prayer, study, and reflection. The gothic style of the arches, which support the ceiling, is apparent through the pointed rise among them. The use of the arch, a Roman quality, and presence of a vaulted ceiling also reveals many common French and Spanish architectural qualities. The ceiling is divided into six compartments with the vaults springing from piers in the corners of the room. The two columns support provides for the base of the Chapter House. The stain glass windows provide for illuminating sunlight and a refuge from the summer heat. The fireplace was created for the simple fact that the religious community would gather daily to discuss business and current affairs. In conclusion, each time period provided its own form of expressionism be it in paintings, sculpture, mosaics, or architecture. Medieval, Classical, and Renaissance art contain similar qualities but meet spectators different needs. They touch their viewers in different ways as shown above. Each work of art remains true to the values that are present within society but each has a unique twist which entices the spectator. Perhaps art is the best record keeper of the worlds history.

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Existentialism

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When Sartre begins to explain his statement "existence precedes essence", he starts by giving an example of an inanimate object. He describes a paper-cutter for example. He explains that the manufacturer has an idea to create a paper-cutter. He knows full well what purpose the cutter will serve. He creates the paper-cutter. And after its creation it serves only one purpose. Its essence therefore is decided before it is created. To understand what Sartre means when he applies this concept to humans you have to understand one important fact. Sartre and his colleagues are atheists. They do not believe in God, or that God created mankind. Moreover they do not believe that there is some divine plan, or that everything happens for a reason. Sartre does not believe in human nature, the will of god, or human essence prior to existence. He defines this as follows "first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself". He says that man is nothing else than what he makes himself. What this means is that every man is fully responsible for his actions and the decisions that he makes. He believes that the idea that human nature is responsible, or that things that occur our God's will, are just excuses that mankind have created to escape the reality that they have created their life situations. Religion therefore is simply a scapegoat, to avoid responsibility for one's actions.

Sartre explains the concept of anguish as that a man who realizes that he is not only the person he chooses to be, but also a lawmaker who is, at the same time, choosing all mankind as well as himself, can not help escape the feeling of his total and deep responsibility. What he means by this is that if a man truly realized that there is no God, and no divine plan, he would ultimately look back upon his life, and forward on his future and realize that it was all up to him. His mistakes and misfortune were his own fault. And more importantly his poor choices ultimately affected the lives of others negatively. If a man gets into a car accident, and takes the life of another, many would say that he was in the wrong place at the wrong time, and God took that life for a reason. However, Sartre would agree that it was the man's decision to go for a drive, perhaps to speed, or any other choice he may have made that day. This could lead a person to insanity. Sartre then explains that any man who does not openly admit to himself that all of his decisions ultimately affect himself as well as the rest of mankind is masking his anguish. Therefore everyone has anguish; some just choose not to acknowledge it.

This concept of anguish leads into Sartre's definition of forlornness. This just means that God does not exist, and that we have to face all the consequences of this. Sartre disagrees with those who dismiss God with the least bit of expense. It is important he explains to understand the importance of there being no God. With no God, everything is possible, and with this there is no explanation of how things are and how things are going to be. "We are alone, with no excuses", he explains. He uses the example of the student of his who was battling a personal dilemma about whether to go off and fight with the French to avenge his brother's death, or to stay with his mother who would possibly die if he left. Sartre explained that the boy asked him for advice, and that the mere act of asking for advice is making a decision in advance. He stated that when people ask for advice they ask people who they know will give them the answer that they are looking for. So if things don't go right they can pass their poor decisions of on another even though ultimately they made the decision. He says that forlornness implies that we ourselves choose our being. Forlornness and anguish go together he states.

Sartre defines despair as that we shall confine ourselves to reckoning only with what depends upon our will, or on the ensemble of probabilities, which make our action possible. He is saying that any decision that we make faces us with a series of possibilities. If I do this, what will happen? It's really just saying that every action that we take has a consequence whether good, or bad. And we have to recognize this.

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If one was to relate all of these theories to making a decision we could come up with many outcomes. First let's assume that I am an atheist. And that I fully understand the concepts presented prior. If I was to make a decision to go out and have a couple of beers tonight and then drive home, what am I actually doing? Well, first I would have to consider the fact that I am not just putting myself in danger. I am, even if I injure no one, affecting all of mankind. I am making a decision that could ultimately change other people's lives. You could say that maybe a friend of mine witnessed my actions and now feels that it is ok to drive after drinking. Now let's consider the possibility that I actually do get into an accident. I have now directly affected someone else's life. And with this information I cannot pass it off as an act of God. It was NOT that person's time to go. My actions took their life. And despair would explain the fact that I weighed these possibilities and outcomes prior to my actions whether I choose to recognize it or not.

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Economics

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The distribution of vital natural resources on the earth is unequal. Countries have varying climates, resource endowment and topography which may sustain some (but not all) of the goods and services necessary for survival. Trade compensates for these differences, leading to improvements in allocative efficiency and increased world production, thus allowing individuals to consume a larger and more diverse collection of goods and services. Despite these advantages, trade protection is still common among governments. Trade protection takes the form of tariff and non-tariff barriers. The traditional arguments in favour of protection are critically evaluated and so to are the new protectionist theories which have received fresh attention in the literature recently (Brander and Spencer, 187; Krugman 187; Grilli et al., 10; Salvatore, 187).Forms of ProtectionTariffs are a tax levied on imports to restrict their inflow by raising their price. Higher prices encourage domestic firms to expand production; thus tariffs also serve as a domestic subsidy. A partial equilibrium analysis of the effects of a tariff is given below.Figure 1

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Effects of a TariffAdapted from Vousden (10, )Before the tariff, the price of the good is PW; hence the quantity demanded is q5 (Figure 1). The amount of the good produced domestically is q1; therefore this country would have to import q1 to q5. A tariff is imposed represented by Pt-Pw. The domestic price of the good has risen, reducing domestic demand for imports. Quantity demanded falls to q4 while domestic production increases to q. Imports are subsequently reduced to q - q4. Welfare is transferred away from consumers (areas a, b, c and d) to producers in the form of profit (area a) and the government in the form of taxation revenue (area c). The other consumer welfare losses (area b and d) depict the decrease in consumption of imports caused by the increase in price. The tax has distorted choice so that consumers purchase an inferior good that would not have been purchased in the absence of a tax.GATT has driven down tariff barriers and to maintain protection levels, countries have resorted to non-tariff barriers such as quotas, voluntary export restraints (VERs) and export subsidies. Quotas limit imports by specifying the maximum amount of foreign-produced goods that will be permitted into the country over a specified period of time. Quotas and tariffs have equivalent effects; however, unlike tariffs, quotas do not generate taxation revenue. Instead, profits go to importers (assuming quotas are not auctioned).Figure Effect of a QuotaAdapted from Vousden (10, )Equilibrium occurs at p0 q0 (Figure ). If a quota were imposed at q1 then the quantity demanded would exceed the quantity supplied (pp1), thus providing a profit for the person who has the right to import equal to the area p1, p, a, c. If these quota licences were to be auctioned then this profit would be shared with the government. If the protectionist country were a producer of this imported good then profits would be lower due to the increased domestic supply stemming from higher prices. Quotas directly control imports and are more accurate than tariffs since there less ‘guesswork' regarding tax rates is involved.The methods of protection outlined above both have the potential to provoke retaliation or possibly a trade war. Voluntary export restraints (VERs) are used in a similar fashion to quotas but eliminate this factor. A VER involves an agreement by one country to limit their exports to the other. Like the quota, a VER restricts quantity, driving the price of the good upwards. This can achieved through the introduction of an export tax that forces exporters to sell cheaply in the domestic market rather than incur the tax. Unlike the quota, profits that would normally go to the importer would go to the exporting country instead, causing competition for licensing in the exporting country. Harris (185) examines the VER against Japan automobile exports to Europe and the US and suggests that the term voluntary is a misnomer. Such restraints are termed voluntary since exporting countries can modify or remove them at any time; however, VERs are often implemented in response to threats or pressures from the importing country (Jones, 14,).Export subsidies allow exporters to expand overseas supply. This lowers the price paid overseas, increasing overseas demand, while raising the domestic price and lowing domestic demand. Welfare losses occur do the subsidies distortionary impact on consumer and producer behaviour; however, the magnitude of these effects depend on the size of the country implementing the subsidy. The welfare losses of the subsidy are smaller for a small country than that of a large country. This is because a large country influences the price of its exports. A subsidy will raise the world supply of the exported commodity and lower the demand for it, thus worsening the terms of trade. This is an apparent paradox since the worsening of the terms of trade actually promotes imports.Despite the disadvantages associated with protection, governments continue to employ tariffs quotas and VERs. Reasons for doing so include assisting infant industry, improving terms of trade, reducing unemployment, fairness, income redistribution, retaliation to overseas protection, assisting developing nation, national safety, defence and correcting for market failure (new protectionism).

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Cosmetic surgery

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Cosmetic Surgery

Have you ever wished you had the beauty of Helen of Troy? Have you ever dreamed your face could launch a thousand ships? Well cosmetic surgery turns that dream into a reality. If the price is right cosmetic surgery can give the consumer the power to transform himself into a model of perfection. Cosmetic surgery is one of the fastest growing industries in America.

Cosmetic surgery is one of the two branches of plastic surgery. It attempts to improve the appearance of aging tissue or unattractive parts of the body (Georgiade 4). Cosmetic surgery is a word derived from the Greek word plastikos, meaning "fit for molding" (Tesar 67 & 68). The field of plastic surgery is the most rapidly growing specialty in American medicine, and the growth of plastic surgeons between the years 160-000 increased 1100 percent ("The dangers of…" 4 & 5). According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of cosmetic surgeries for people ages 51-64 years old in the United States increased more than 50 percent from 16-1. Nine percent of all cosmetic procedures are performed on men. Liposuction is number one, nose jobs rank second, and eyelid surgeries are third. The number of cosmetic procedures performed on seniors in the U.S. also increased more than 50 percent from 16-1. The most popular procedure for both age groups is eyelid surgery, face-lifts, liposuction, and skin resurfacing ("Going under the knife…" 1-).

About 15 of every 100 cosmetic operations are performed on teenagers. The most popular among teens are nose jobs, ear surgery, male breast reduction, dermabrasion, and

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liposuction (Brynie 16). According to the ASPRS over million women in the United States have had breast implant surgery ("The dangers of…" 1& ). Most cosmetic surgeries are not historically covered by insurance ("Going under the knife" 4).

If you are someone that has a problem with your physical appearance, there's a good chance that there is a cosmetic procedure to correct it. One the most common types of cosmetic surgeries is the face-lift. The face-lift promises to eliminate smile lines, saggy jowls, and double chins. In the surgical operation, an incision is made inside and behind the ear skin separating from underlying tissue, and then skin is redrapped higher on the face. A face-lift costs about $,500, and lasts 10 years (Hu 8). For women in their mid 40s to early 50s, a mid-face lift is a great alternative to the total face-lift. A mid-face lift elevates the brow and soft tissues of the cheek, and is best for a person whose neck and lower face need no tightening (" New in cosmetic…" 1). In a brow-lift small incisions are made above the hairline and skin and soft tissues are elevated then skin is repositioned. A brow-lift costs $4,000 t0 $8,000 and lasts indefinitely (Hu 8). A cheek or chin implant surgery is carried out by wrapping a silicone implant around the cheek or chin. These surgeries last indefinitely. It costs $1,000 t0 $5,000 for a chin implant, and $,000 to $,000 for a cheek implant (8 & 40). A nose job is when a plastic surgeon trims down, re shapes, or augments bone and cartilage in the nose. A nose job costs $,000 to $7,000 and lasts indefinitely (8 & 40). Nose jobs are ranked 5th among most common cosmetic surgeries for men (Brynie 14).The American Society for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery estimates over 15,000 women a year now receives breast implants. Twenty-five percent of the implants are for post cancer reconstruction, and over 100,000 implants are done on women who choose to enlarge their breasts ("The dangers of…" 1). Breast augmentation surgery costs from $,000 to $6,000. The implant is placed behind the chest muscle through an incision made in the armpit or in the crease under the breast. All silicone implants are flexible ().Liposuction is the 4th most popular cosmetic procedure among women, and the rd among men (Brynie 14). Liposuction is performed by using a vibrating instrument to break up fat inside a patient. A mixture of local anesthesia and adrenaline is infused into the area being operated on to reduce bleeding and bruising, and then unwanted fat is suctioned out. Liposuction last indefinitely, unless the patient gains more than 15 pounds, and it costs $4,000 t0 $7,000 (Hu 40). Both conventional and the newer ultrasonic type of liposuction can be performed on hips, thighs, tummies, breasts, knees, ankles, and parts of the face. These are contouring operations, not ones to remove pounds although some may become thinner ("Novel liposuction…" ). A great new trick called lipofilling makes use of the fat removed by liposuction to build up other areas such as filling out cheeks on the face, or by redefining a jaw line. This new method of liposuction was inspired by patients ("Snip, suction, stretch, & truss…" 1). For a breast reduction, a small incision is made and excess fat is removed by liposuction. A breast reduction lasts indefinitely and is covered by insurance. It costs $6,000 to 10,000, and is a popular surgery among men as well as women (Hu 40). A tummy tuck is an operation done by removing excess skin and fat through a long incision near the pubic hairline. Next, muscles are tightened to achieve a smooth surface (40). The collagen used for collagen injections is purified from cow skin and is used for various cosmetic purposes. Bovine, isolagen, or dermalogen collagen is used to plump up wrinkles on the face, give lips a fuller look, or diminish acne scars. Injections last months, and prices vary depending on the type of collagen used. Bovine collagen costs $00, isolagen costs $1,000, and dermalogen costs $400 (Brynie 15). Dermabrasion is the surgical removal of the surface layer of skin by high-speed sanding. Doctors use an abrasive wheel or wire brush, rotating at high speeds to scrape away skin. The procedure is done to remove acne scars, wrinkles, tattoos, and pre cancerous lesions. A popular alternative to dermabrasion is resurfacing with a carbon dioxide laser (Brynie 15). Laser resurfacing and chemical peels are carried out by glycolic or trichloracetic acid peels that burn away the top layer of skin, and then the skin on the patients face is vaporized by laser resurfacing. A chemical peel lasts a few months and laser resurfacing lasts a year. Chemical peels cost $,000 and laser resurfacing costs $5,000 (Hu 40). Retin-A treatment was recently sought out by 00,000 men and women to improve skin texture, smooth wrinkles, and cure acne scars. Retin-A surgery is the number 1 cosmetic treatment for women and number for men (Brynie 1 & 14).The reasons people have cosmetic surgery varies from person to person. Often patients decide to receive cosmetic surgery because they are on a quest of perfection. Many customers feel a boost of self-esteem after their surgery (Plastic Surgery 1). More often than not, today's face-lift clients are fitness buffs who view a little surgical correction as the finishing touch to their efforts at the health club ("Snip, suction, stretch, & truss…" 1). Plastic surgeon, Dr. Michael Clinton, stated "Because people are living better, they want to look as god as they feel. Look around your local gym. A lot of guys in their 50s and 60s are working out. Some turn to cosmetic surgery because they want to look as good as they feel ("Going under the knife…" )."Ultrasonic liposuction is gaining national attention for its capability to allow doctors to remove fat from more obese people ("Novel liposuction…" 1-). Youngsters in Britain and the U.S. are electing to go under the knife in growing numbers. There are no legal minimums on age and often no counseling is given. One observer found a clinic admitting to have given implants to girls as young as 15. Sandra, a 17-year-old patient, stated this about her newfound love of her implants "I had really little breasts and felt embarrassed. I'm more confident and wear low tops ("Young adolescents seek…" 6b)." Each year thousands of men undergo breast reduction surgery to treat gynecomatia, an excessive development of breasts in males (Tesar 6). Older men also resort to hair transplants to correct male pattern baldness (71). An explanation as to why Americans have cosmetic surgery was best summed up by Steven Soll, a L.A. financial planner, "I could go out and spend $0,000 on a car to make myself feel better, or I could spend $,000 to change something that has always bothered me ("Snip, suction, stretch, & truss…" ).Although cosmetic surgery helps many people, sometimes there are problems. In a face-lift there can be bleeding under the skin, nerve damage, infection, and hair loss (Hu 8 & 40). Complications are rare but some patients experience scatting, bleeding under the skin, or damage to facial nerves resulting in loss of feeling or muscular control. Extensive burning is normal (Brynie 18). In a brow-lift eyebrows can be moved too high and nerve damage may lead to facial numbness (Hu 8 &40). For cheek or chin implants there is a slight chance of infection and the implant may be crooked (8 & 40). A hematoma, swelling due to built up blood under skin, may occur after a nose job. Also, there may be internal scarring (8 & 40). Breast implants can cause infection, hemorrhage, and adverse reactions to anesthesia ("The dangers of…" ). The most common problem in breast implants is capsular contracture. Capsular contracture is the contraction of the fibrous capsule that forms around all devices implanted in the body. This causes the breast to become firm or hard. It is estimated that capsular contracture occurs 5 percent of the time. To treat this problem the implant can be removed, or manual compression of the breast can be done to break the capsule and soften the breast implant ("The dangers of…" ). The fear of the breast implant rupturing is also a big problem. Bleeding and seepage of the silicone gel through the containing envelope is a universal characteristic of gel filled implants. Systemic illness has been associated with reactions to breast implants, and breast cancer detection is reportedly impaired by implants (4). Temporary numbness, bruising, itching, small scars, and uneven skin tone are after effects of liposuction (Hu 40). In breast reductions the most serious risks are loss of sensitivity or pigment around the nipples and poor scar healing (40).Cosmetic surgery attempts to improve the appearance of aging tissue or unattractive parts of the body. There are many different types of cosmetic procedures. Many people undergo cosmetic surgery to raise their self-confidence, or to improve an unattractive body part; however, for every procedure there is a risk involved. The cosmetic surgery industry is growing at a rapid pace because surgery is affordable and attainable. Some may still ask themselves why is cosmetic surgery so popular. It is because the quest for perfection will never come to an end.

Please note that this sample paper on cosmetic surgery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on cosmetic surgery, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on cosmetic surgery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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