Hello

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. Hester was paraded out of prison to the scaffold to be shown to the town for the sin she committed, as Jesus was forced to walk to calvary with his crucifix (the scarlet letter) to the top of the hill (hesters scaffold).. Hester had a child (Pearl) whose fathers identity was kept secret from the public. The father, Rev Dimmersdale, was viewed in New England as a saint-like figure, as Mary had her child to God.. Rodger Chillingworth (Hesters husband) was later seen as the devils agent.4. Hester won the heart of her towns people through her selfless charity, and was treated with contempt. Jesus was spat on by the crowd during his trial with Pontius Pilate.

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PS When the town authorities wanted to take Pearl from Hester, but decided against it, Mistress Hibbins (the town witch) invited Hester to the forest to meet The Black Man to sign her name in the book with blood. Hester declined the offer, and it is suggested that Pearl saved her from Satans snare.In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, mirror imagery is used quite often to affect the characters or the story, and also to help us understand certain situations or moods. The mirror imagery in the story is used with all of the main characters in the story, and sometimes helps link characters together and show their relationship to one another.

Mirror imagery is utilized in chapter two in the following passage, "She saw her own face, glowing with girlish beauty, and illuminating In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, mirror imagery is used quite often to affect the characters or the story, and also to help us understand certain situations or moods. The mirror imagery in the story is used with all of the main characters in the story, and sometimes helps link characters together and show their relationship to one another.

Mirror imagery is utilized in chapter two in the following passage, "She saw her own face, glowing with girlish beauty, and illuminating

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Catch 22

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Protagonist Yossarian is a bombardier of the 56th squadron stationed on the island of Pianosa. Through the novel, he struggles to survive in the nightmarish world of war with its stupidity, illogic, violence, and death. Antagonist

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The military bureaucracy in Yossarian's squadron, represented by Colonel Cathcart and other commanding officers, who constantly jeopardize the lives of the men under their command by raising the number of missions they have to fly before going home. They frame the unwritten rules of Catch-, an illogical law which leaves the airmen in a no-win situation. The law is maddening and devastating in its effect on the morale of the enlisted men. Climax Following the deaths of Dobbs and Nately in the mission to La Spezia (Chapter 5), Yossarian refuses to fly any more missions. He finally comes out in open (peaceful) revolt against his commanding officers. Resolution On hearing of Orr's escape to Sweden (Chapter 4), Yossarian finally decides to desert. Like Huckleberry Finn, Yossarian takes a decisive step in his quest for personal freedom, sanity, and salvation by trying to escape to Sweden.PLOT The novel begins with Yossarian in a Pianosa hospital feigning illness in order to escape flying dangerous missions. There, he is given the task of censoring the letters written by all the enlisted men in the ward. To break the monotony of the job, Yossarian invents little games he blacks out specific words and phrases in the letters; he blacks out all but the salutation; he signs the chaplain's name to the love letters of the enlisted men; and he signs one letter, Washington Irving. The only end in sight for Yossarian is not the end of the war, but the end of his own life. He desperately confides to Clevinger They're trying to kill me. Outside the hospital, Yossarian imagines that there is a dead man in his tent. Actually, only the dead man's possessions are left in the tent. The man, Mudd, has been killed on a mission while flying along side Yossarian. Yossarian complains about the dead man to Major Major, only to find that Major Major has jumped out of his office window in order to avoid him. Yossarian asks Doc Daneeka to ground him since there is a rule saying he has to ground anyone who's crazy. The doctor replies that there is a catch- Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy. Yossarian sees the illogical and absurd Catch- in all its spinning reasonableness. When he was a cadet in Santa Ana, California, Yossarian hated the tiresome Sunday Parades organized by Lieutenant Scheisskopf. To liven up matters, Yossarian had a series of promiscuous encounters with various women. These included Dori Duz, a lively little tart, and the Lieutenant's wife, Mrs.Scheisskopf, a plump, pink and sluggish girl who could not count to twenty-eight each month and thus kept announcing that she was pregnant. Much later, during the war, Yossarian has a love encounter with Luciana, a girl he meets while on leave in Rome. He even proposes to her but she refuses him because she cannot believe that he can love a girl who is not a virgin. Hungry Joe rudely intrudes upon their love-making along with his nasty camera. Yossarian shoves him out. Yossarian tears up the address that Luciana gives him, but later searches frantically for her. He cannot find her and so makes frenetic love to the maid in lime- colored panties. As Yossarian believes that the enemy is anybody who's going to get you killed; he hates Cathcart who keeps increasing the number of missions. Cathcart raises the figure from 40 to 50 to 60 and finally to 70 missions. When he is awarded a medal for bombing the target a second time over Ferrara, Yossarian turns up naked at the ceremony. He also appears naked and sits in a tree during Snowden's funeral. As his clothes were soaked with Snowden's blood, he swears never to wear a uniform again. Later, Dobbs wants Yossarian to join him in a plot to murder Cathcart, but Yossarian rejects his offer. Yossarian also begins moaning oooooh! when he sees General Dreedle's nurse at the briefing room. Back in the hospital, Yossarian and Dunbar molest Nurse Duckett. Then, Yossarian tells the psychiatrist, Major Sanderson, about his dream in which he holds a live fish in his hand. The scene is a brilliant parody on psychoanalysis, as the doctor who questions Yossarian is ultimately analyzed by his patient. Yossarian believes he is going to die. After Snowden's death, Orr has disappeared and is presumed dead. McWatt flies low over the beach and accidentally slices Sampson to smithereens. McWatt then crashes his own plane into the hillside in an act of expiation. Nately volunteers to fly more than seventy missions and is killed as his plane has no parachute since Milo Minderbinder has taken out all the parachutes. All this while, Milo is involved in crazy black-market operations which reach alarming proportions of greed and corruption. He even agrees to bomb his own unit when the Nazis offer him large sums of money. The chaplain, Tappman, is interrogated by the military police who suspect that he is the mysterious Washington Irving. However, the real culprit is not apprehended. Following Nately's death, Yossarian refuses to fly any more missions. He marches backward with his gun on his hip outside headquarters as a mark of protest. He goes to Rome to meet Nately's mistress and tells her about Nately's death. She blames Yossarian for Nately's death and viciously attacks him. Yossarian returns to Pianosa and is offered a deal by Colonel Korn. The Colonel is willing to send Yossarian home if he presents a fine account of his commanding officer when he reaches the U.S. At first, Yossarian accepts the offer, but later, after he is attacked by Nately's whore and lands in a hospital, he changes his mind. On hearing of Orr's escape to Sweden, Yossarian is inspired to follow. Aided by the chaplain, he boards an aircraft bound for Rome, and bails out while the plane is in Flight.Main Theme Catch- mainly deals with Yossarian's attempts to survive in, and ultimately to escape from, a world of absurdity and maddening contradiction. Yossarian struggles to be free from the scope of an illogical law framed by the military bureaucracy Catch-. Minor Theme One needs companionship and understanding in a world devoid of meaning. At the end of the novel, Yossarian is able to plan his escape with the help of the chaplain. MOOD Heller uses elements of black humor and the absurd in order to expose the brutality and callousness of the bureaucratic system. These make the scenario of his novel seem bizarre, if not farcically inhuman. Throughout the novel, Yossarian's mind is full of thoughts of death. But, the novel ends on a note of optimism and hope as Yossarian tries to emulate Orr's escape to Sweden and freedom.CHARACTERS Major characters Colonel Cathcart The successor to Major Duluth as the Squadron commander. He constantly increases the number of missions that his men must fly. Doc Daneeka The chief medical officer at the Pianosa air base. He is mortally afraid of flying. He is taken for dead, although he is actually alive, because the records show that he was in McWatts plane when it crashed. Hungry Joe Earns his nickname due to his voracious appetite for both food and sex. He suffers from nerve-wracking nightmares that not only disturb his own peace of mind but also that of his colleagues at the air base. McWatt A dare-devil pilot who loves to show off his acrobatic skills as an airman. He accidentally kills Kid Sampson and then commits suicide by crashing his plane into a mountain. Major Major Rises to the position of a Major chiefly due to an error committed by an IBM computer. He reads his name as his rank. He becomes squadron commander and jumps out of his office window to avoid meeting the men who come to see him. Milo Minderbinder An ace profiteer from the war, although only a Mess Sergeant. He signs a contract with the Germans to bomb his own American Squadron, and runs a mind-boggling maze of black-market operations that spans five continents. Nately A young airman and Yossarian's friend who was born in a very rich family. He has a flagrant affair with a prostitute in Rome and dies during the mission to La Spezia. Chaplain A.T.Tappman The kind and compassionate clergyman who is Yossarian's friend . He helps Yossarian prepare for his escape to Sweden. Captain John Yossarian A bombardier with the 56th Squadron stationed in Pianosa and is the central figure of Catch-. He feigns illness and insanity to avoid flying more missions, before openly protesting against the authorities. He finally attempts to escape to Sweden.Minor Characters Aarfy The chief navigator on Yossarian's plane. He is a rather ruthless person, as he kills Michaela, the maid, while on a pleasure-trip to Rome. Appleby Plays a good game of Ping-Pong which arouses Orr's jealousy. The men refer to Apple by as having flies in his eyes. Captain Black Intelligence officer of the 56th squadron. He begins the Loyalty Oath Crusade. Clevinger The one who conducts the educational sessions. He dies on the mission to Parma. Major de Coverley A man of Jehovian demeanor who puts an end to Captain Black's Loyalty Oath Crusade. After each Allied victory, he rushes to the captured city and rents apartments for the American Officers. Major Danby The operations officer for the squadron. He almost gets himself shot when he moans during a briefing session. Dobbs The co-pilot of Yossarian's plane. He plans to assassinate Colonel Cathcart. General Dreedle Wing Commander of the 56th squadron. Nurse Duckett A nurse at the hospital in Pianosa who has an affair with Yossarian. Dunbar Yossarian's companion in the hospital ward who disappears in Chapter 4. Dori Duz A promiscuous woman who has affairs with Scheisskopf and Yossarian. Captain Flume The Public Relations Officer of the 56th squadron. He is afraid that Chief White Halfoat will slit his throat, so he hides in the woods. Gus and Wes The two medical assistants of Doctor Daneeka who paint patients' gums and toes purple. Chief White Halfoat An American-Indian. He punches Colonel Moodus in the nose and threatens to kill Captain Flume. He dies of pneumonia. Captain Havermeyer The lead bombardier who never takes evasive action and never misses a target. He shoots field mice at night. Huple The youngest pilot at the base. His cat was discovered on the face of Hungry Joe, at the time of Hungry Joe's death. Colonel Korn The assistant to Colonel Cathcart. He tries to make an odious deal with Yossarian.Kraft The pilot who is killed on the second run during the mission to Ferrara. Luciana The Italian girl whom Yossarian meets at the officer's Club in Rome and to whom Yossarian proposes marriage. Colonel Moodus General's Dreedle's son-in-law who yearns for the General's nurse. General Dreedle treats him with little respect. Mudd A pilot who dies when on his first mission. His personal effects are left in Yossarian's tent. He is the dead man in Yossarian's tent. Orr A pilot who often ditches his plane at sea and is rescued. He finally escapes to Sweden. General Peckem In charge of the Squadron's special operations. He dreams of taking over command of the squadron from General Dreedle. Kid Sampson One of the pilots with whom Yossarian flies. He is killed in an accident when he is cut into two by a propeller on McWatts low- flying plane. Major Sanderson The psychiatrist at the hospital who certifies that Yossarian is insane. He suffers from feelings of inadequacy. Lieutenant Scheisskopf Yossarian's commanding officer in California. He is excessively fond of parades. He is made lieutenant general after he is sent to the front. Mrs.Scheisskopf Lieutenant Scheisskopf's wife. She sleeps with all the men in her husband's squadron, including Yossarian. The Soldier in White A strange sight at the hospital as he is completely swathed in bandages. He turns out to be Lieutenant Schmulker who has suffered serious burns. Snowden The gunner on Yossarian's plane. His grotesque death during the mission to Avignon shocks Yossarian and haunts him throughout the novel. Corporal Whitcomb Works as an assistant to the chaplain. He is responsible for preparing the format of the condolence letters and even helps the C.I.D men investigate the chaplain. ex-PFC. Wintergreen Responsible for sorting mail at 7th Air Force Headquarters. He is later demoted for virtually running the air base by sending self-prepared memoranda and intercepting important messages. The two C.I.D (Criminal Investigation Department) men Sent to Pianosa to find out who has been tampering with the personal letters of the soldiers and official documents.Plot Structure When Heller began his writing career in the late 140s, he turned his back on traditional methods of story-telling. He seemed to resent the realism of the conventional mode of fiction with its rational structure, its assumptions of continuity in plot, situation, and character, and its neat attempts to draw well-defined resolutions. His own experience as an airman in World War II caused him to distrust the cause-and effect relation of surface reality as something merely superficial which captured only outer reality. So in his fiction, Heller developed a structure and style that suited the absurdities in public and private life that he observed around him. The dislocation of episodic continuity serves a dual purpose. Some of the events are juxtaposed not on the basis of chronology but randomly so as to highlight their inter-relationship and to emphasize certain ironic contrasts. Besides, the episodes of the novel are so structured as to create a gradually increasing tension through the sinister events represented in them. Heller gives us several accounts, scattered over various chapters, of the catastrophic events in Yossarian's plane leading up to a death. Each attempt at narrating the gory details serves to intensify the traumatic impact it has on the morale and psyche of Yossarian. The overall time structure of the novel does acquire some chronological continuity through the intermittent repetition of certain crucial incidents. Recurrent references include the monumental growth of Minderbinder's black-market operations, the death of Snowden, Cathcart's raising of the number of missions, and Orr's repeated ditching of his planes at sea.

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Achilles Tendonitis

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Dancers, as well as many other athletes, are extremely prone to many injuries, in particular, injuries to the foot and ankle. One of the most common among these injuries that are seen notably in dancers is called Achilles Tendonitis.Achilles Tendonitis is derived from the Greek legend of Achilles. The term Achilles Tendon is derived from this myth in which the Greek god Achilles was dipped in the river Styx to become immortal. The back of his ankle did not touch the water, therefore rendering his ankle vulnerable to common human pain. This is why the tendon that runs down the back of the ankle is known as the Achilles Tendon, and as the story goes, can cause much pain when injured. (Coussins, p.1)

Unlike most tendons in the human body, the Achilles Tendon lacks its own rich blood supply. Because of this lack of a rich blood supply, many dancers are consequently prone to injury and chronic Achilles Tendonitis. The severity of Achilles Tendonitis may vary from a mild irritation and inflammation, to the thinning of the fibers themselves. This can lead to swelling, and more severely leading to adhesions between the tendon and its sheath. (Dance Technique, p.1)Symptoms of Achilles Tendonitis can be very deceiving. Sharp pains a dancer may experience can subside while dancing and then return before completing the dance or production. This is a problem because one can further injure themselves when this scenario occurs. Achilles tendonitis in dancers can be caused by many factors. These factors may include ignoring heel pains, overworking the feet and ankles, overstretching (as well as not stretching enough), breaking in new shoes (also not wearing supportive shoes), and most commonly, not warming up and cooling down properly. (Coussins, p.) With all of these factors, a dancer can easily develop any form of Achilles Tendonitis, or other injuries. Another reason many dancers are susceptible to Achilles Tendonitis can be associated with the fact that they work in a plantar flexion, which is the extension of the ankle resulting in the forefoot moving away from the body. Consequently, dancers develop tighter heel cords than the average person. Also, in dancers it is almost impossible to avoid stretching the Achilles while dancing. Many positions dancers use frequently may place an extra strain on the Achilles, particularly a position of low releve. With a bone prominence in the posterior superior portion (upper back portion) of the calcaneus (heel bone), the condition is more likely to occur because the bone and tendon rub together. This can be a problem for many dancers who may take short leaves of absence, and then upon returning to dance they may instantly see symptoms again.

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Treatment for Achilles Tendonitis varies from person to person. Complete inactivity would probably be considered the best treatment along with anti-inflammatory medication, and applications of ice and heat. There are other medical treatments available for this pain. To lessen the amount of fluid build up, as well as to control pain, there are a plethora of anti-inflammatory medications available. Ultrasound therapy is also a fairly new form of treatment. The high-frequency waves are transmitted through a tens unit and will stimulates damaged tissue, healing the tendon faster. (Dance technique, p.) It would be most imperative for the dancer to wear heel lifts in their shoes on a daily basis, when walking, running, or dancing. Although many dancers may put themselves in high-risk situations regarding their health, they continue to do it with passion. Prevention of injuries with particular attention to the Achilles Tendon is one of the most important aspects self care in the dancing world. A dancer providing care and concern for his or her body will be able to maintain their dancing activity as long as possible, and with much less pain to endure. Taking care of something as simple as one's Achilles tendon will provide one with a greater benefit in their present and future dancing careers.

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Stem Cell Research

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Derivation of Embryonic cells from early human embryos, Embryonic germ cells and fetal stem cells from aborted, fetal tissues raise ethical, legal, religious, financial and sociological questions. Further, the potential uses of stem cells for gathering human tissues or perhaps organs, is a subject of the ongoing public debate. In discussing weather stem cell placement does more harm than good, it is necessary to examine a number of arguments associated with the number of ramifications including the sacrilegious preservation of the fetus, umbilical chord, adult tissue and bone marrow. However these life-affirming options evidently acknowledge through research we are provided with positive ramifications of removing the impediments to aging, disease and cancer. Professor Van Zant states, " it is possible to by life altering or replacing a stem cell to make them better at withstanding DNA damage.In the face of extraordinary advances in the prevention diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the nervous system, such as Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease, continue to deprive people of health, independence and well-being. Research in human developmental biology has led to the discovery of human stem cells, and adult. Recently, techniques have been developed for the in virtro culture of stem cells, providing unprecedented opportunities for studying and understanding human embryology. As a result scientists can now carry out experiments aimed at determining the mechanisms underlying the conversion of a single undifferentiated cell, the fertilized egg, into the different cells comprising the organs and tissues of the human body. Although it is impossible to predict the outcomes, scientists and the public gain immense new knowledge in the biology of human development that will likely hold remarkable potential for therapies and cures. Opponents argue that it an immoral exploitation of living human matter, although one can deduce from the evidence that it is immoral for society to be ignorant towards the scientific research in which concludes a possible end to all ailments. Therefore would you save a loved one life or watch them pass over due to so call morals? AAAS and ICS concede that there is a variation of ethical, social, political and religious viewpoints are considered in discussions about the scientific use of tissue from the human embryos and ramifications of basic research in human stem cells. Therefore, it is important to promote continued dialogue among all segments of society concerning he implications of stem cell research. I dont think we need a pause on the stem cell issue. Were not talking now about cloning for reproduction to create new human beings but were perhaps talking about cloning cells to produce more cells which are never going to be anything but cells to be used for research or to help people. In hopes they, get over those diseases like Parkinson's dont think we should pause because if we pause we are delaying the prospects of the cures that we might get.

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So effectively were condemning people with those diseases to continue to suffer from them longer than they would if we were to go ahead. So thats not an issue that I think we have to pause on. But I do, share the view that there are a lot of new issues in ethics and they certainly need a lot of social discussion, a lot of social attention. I dont particularly think this is one of them.But questions that I think were mentioned in our background about genetic selection, for example, about selecting your offspring to have concern characteristics or qualities, those are going to be very important issues in the next decade or two.The issue of whether or not the government should fund stem cell research raises the question of just what is considered a person. The stem cells are gathered from the tissue of aborted fetuses and questions are raised by pro-life parties as to whether funding this research will cause an increase in the number of abortions and/or the social acceptability of the procedure, Siegal said.The right-to-life parties argue that embryos have a human quality that should not be destroyed for research, Siegal said, but the view that an organism is a Homo Sapien does not necessarily imply person hood, according to the opposing viewpoint. In many cases the stem cells were obtained from embryos that would have been aborted anyway, but the argument of a slippery slope effect worries that if accepted, more abortions will be performed. Also, the pro-lifers argue that the women who feel ambivalent about having abortions will be more likely to go through with them, and it will become more socially acceptable. The Catholic Church also poses this argument, Siegal said.Should taxpayers pay for research on embryonic stem cells? The answer offered, with evident sincerity, by President Bush is neither moral nor capable of practical limitation.In its earliest days, the embryo is a living human composed of stem cells, each of which can develop into all or many of the more than 00 tissues in the human body. If stem cells are removed to a dish they can replenish themselves in lines, perhaps indefinitely. No moral problems arise in the use of stem cells derived from adults. But to obtain stem cells from a human embryo requires the removal of the inner cell mass which terminates the life of that embryo.President Bush said We do not end some lives for the medical benefit of others. That life, including early life, is biologically human, genetically distinct and valuable. We can promote stem cell research without ... ethical abuses. First, we can encourage research on stem cells removed from sources other than embryos. Second, we can encourage research on embryonic stem cell lines that already exist. Therefore federal funding for research on existing stem cell lines will move forward; federal funding that sanctions or encourages the destruction of additional embryos will not. While it is unethical to end life in medical research, it is ethical to benefit from research where life and death decisions have already been made.Bush approved funding on cell lines derived with the informed consent of donors, from excess embryos created solely for reproductive purposes and without any financial inducement to the donors. His policy differs from National Institutes of Health guidelines, issued in 000, only in that he would not fund research on lines created after his Aug. announcement.You then realize that were the first generation of humans who have ever been able to alter that and we can alter it literally in nanoseconds.The enormity of that power, I think well look back on it and say this is the greatest power we ever discovered because it goes to the very essence of ourselves and to the essence of life itself. And seeing weve only had that power for a couple of years, I think at least we can take some time, it doesnt have to be this week, that we decide on what the values are that we want to govern that.Ethics say the right and wrong of destroying even unwanted embryos in order to do promising medical research depends on what you think those embryos are. If they have the moral status of persons, many argue, then they can not be treated as a means to even the most humanitarian end. If they are other then doing the research may seem the grater good. The counter argument is that although stem cells are clearly not human beings, they are derived from human embryos that have the potential to become human beings. The Catholic Church, for instance, does not protest the use of stem cells as such, but rather the destruction of the host embryos that takes place in order to obtain them.There is no easy legal response to this issue. If an embryo is a cell, or group of cells that by itself can develop into a whole human then the scientists and policy makers are murderers, no matter how altruistic their motivations. If you believe that an embryo is, at best, a mere potential life, then the practical use of embryos to defeat disease is the only moral and legal response.On August th 00 President Bush announced that federally funded stem cell research could proceed, but it would be restricted to cell lines that are already established in laboratories. This is classic dancing on the head of a pin - yes, it rejects the use of stem cells created for the process of research, but it takes the practical view that those cell lines already in existence might as well be used. In other words, as we say in Australia, its having a bit each way. Bushs political solution is no solution at all, because it does not address the most basic dilemma that separates the two sides in this debate and opts instead for the comfort zone.What is life? We all wish there was a simple definition, but in truth it is the most ambiguous term in the dictionary. For what its worth, this writer is impressed by Ronald Baileys argument. Although a one-week-old embryo is certainly alive on a cellular level, molecular biology now suggests that the capacity for life be contained not only within an embryo, but also within adult cells. If that is so it means that the potential for life will no longer be a sufficient argument to sustain the protection of the law. After all, we daily slough-off skin cells in the shower. And though it is no simple solution, it seems preferable to afford legal protection to those already alive and suffering from diseases that can be alleviated by the use of embryonic research.The ethical dilemma arises because the easiest source of these cells is the human embryo. The proposed guidelines would allow the use of aborted tissue and surplus embryos from in vitro (test-tube) fertility clinics. They would not allow researchers to start embryos for research purposes. The question as to whether such research should be allowed touches on the more fundamental question as to when a human life begins. This question is one of both science and metaphysics. Unfortunately, it seems to have been decided on purely political grounds with the victory of the pro-choice movement. They are, for obvious reasons, unable to admit that there might be a living being before birth. In the Buddhist view of human life, the mind is not seen as reducible to matter, but the two are seen as separate and mutually supporting. The teaching of the Dependent Origination describes in detail how existence occurs and it is noteworthy that consciousness is described as the cause of body-and-mind. In regard to the issues we are considering here, we could say that the development of the physical form of the embryo is in some sense guided by the consciousness which is present from conception. This idea may not be so far-fetched. Science has a very good and detailed explanation of how DNA controls protein synthesis, but the mechanism that governs formation of specific organs from undifferentiated stem cells is still largely a mystery. The radical biologist Rupert Sheldrake has suggested that there is some kind of non-material field that controls this process, which would be another name for Mind in the Buddhist sense. The Buddhist scriptures define the beginning of life as the moment when three elements come together, the seed of the father, the blood of the mother in her time, and the consciousness-seeking rebirth. The difficulty in the case of stem cell research, for a Buddhist, then becomes a matter of defining conception. Is an embryo begun outside of a human womb really a complete being? We would have to know the unknowable to answer that. If ethical guidelines are devised entirely from the materialist viewpoint, backed up by the abortion lobby, these questions will not even be considered. On the other hand, there are strong reasons to be careful about a ban as well. Stem cell research does hold out considerable promise to relieve what has hitherto been incurable suffering and Buddhists should first and foremost be for anything that relieves human suffering. In this case, however, there may be a middle way. As mentioned at the outset, embryos are not the only source of stem cells. Research on stem-cells derived from adult tissue avoids all the ethical dilemmas, and may even be medically superior for immunological reasons. (see Weekly Standard for March 6, 001.) If our society took seriously the human dignity of the unborn, we would have a strong moral incentive to investigate this option more vigorously. It may just be possible to cure people without destroying any embryos at all.Ethics claim that the right and wrong of destroying even an unwanted embryos in order to do promising medical research depends on what you think those embryos are (perspectives, religious views, 000, p1).For example, if embryos have the moral status of persons they cannot be treated as a means to even the most humanitarian end. If, on the other hand, they are not reviewed as "future persons" then doing the research may seem the greater good, (perspectives, 000, p1). The Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran church in the US and Australia oppose the research as "immoral, illegal and unnecessary, whilst the prespatorian church approves of such research when the goals are "compelling and unreachable by other means" (perspectives, 000, p). Nevertheless, many Roman catholic leaders are cautiously tolerent of stem cell research if it is done within the 15 day window of embryonic life before implantation would occur in addition, orthodox Jewish congregations state categorically that "an isolated fertilized egg does not enjoy the full status of presented". (Perspectives religious views, 001,p). The (roman) Catholics doctrine is really a philosophical question rather than a purely religious one. It's based on the idea that if you have individual lives you automatically have a person. Even the church has admitted that they cannot argue this "for sure" but prefer to "give" the embryo the benefit of the doubt. (Perspectives, 000, p4). Obviously, it is already problematic to future and ovum outside the body because of the maternal relationship from the context. Using discarded embryos is a lot different from specifically creating embryos for research. Stem cell research is both ethical and justified, as the goals are compelling and unreachable by other means, as they provide positive outcomes in curing life's imperfections.

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A Few Kind Words for Superstition

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In the essay, "A Few Kind Words for Superstition," Robertson Davies suggests that superstition is relatively harmless and a good thing. In this essay, there will be two examples given to support the suggestion on behalf of Robertson Davies, that superstition is indeed a good thing. Superstition takes four forms and these forms are Vain Observances, Divination, Idolatry and Improper Worship of the True God. Superstition is harmless and created by individuals. In the essay, just two of these superstitious forms will be shown. Vain observances will be demonstrated with the help of professional athletes. Idolatry will be demonstrated with examples from within the class room. There are many different examples that can be shown, but these examples are seen all the time and are extremley common within their specific groups. Day in and day out, both athletes and students do what they have to do like playing a game or writing an important exam. Superstition could be the determining factor in the outcome of ones performance, whether it be their skill on the ice, their knowledge in the class room, or a boost of confidence. These arguments will be defended by examples to exhibit the suggestion by Robertson Davies that superstition is a good thing.

Vain observances will be the first example looked at which provides proof of what the author is saying. On television when you see Nomar Garciaparra, who plays for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball and who is arguably one of the best short stops in the game, has a superstition. Every time he goes to bat, he takes a minute to do his little superstitious thing he does. He will pull his batting gloves on tight approximately two or three times, on both the top and bottom wrist section of the glove.

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He then will take a pitch. If he does take the pitch, and it is either called a ball or a strike, he will step out of the batters box and go through the whole procedure again. Another example is Patrick Roy who is arguably one of the best goaltenders in the National Hockey League. Every time Roy skates from the bench to his goal crease, whether it is in the warm up or after the intermission, Roy will jump over every line on the ice such as, the center ice line. Roy does this all the time. Both these athletes have their little superstitions that will give them an extra boost of confidence. These specific things make superstition a good thing because the athletes have done their thing that will give them a mind set that the will play well.

Idolatry is the second example that will be used to prove that superstition is a good thing. You're in an examination room and you're just sitting there, watching as a student comes in and sits down. All of a sudden the student pulls out what looks to be a rabbit's foot. A rabbit's foot is a symbol of luck for some people. Hopefully the student has thorough knowledge of the material he or she has studied. All in all we will never know if a rabbit's foot is some sort of a lucky charm, but many individuals tend to think that a rabbit's foot is good luck. Who really cares about the student's rabbit's foot because the main reason for the charm is to give that student confidence, and makes the student feel like they will do well on their exam. The point is that the rabbit's foot is not putting any other individual in danger or any other kind of harm and now with a confidence boost, this student is feeling good. Let it be.

Certain people have certain superstitions. To some, superstitions may seem a little unusual and to others not unusual at all. With the examples specified, the superstitions put all sorts of confidence in the persons. People with superstitions do not bother people that do not have any superstitions, so people without superstitions should leave people that do have superstitions alone. Confidence is a great thing to have and if one can find that confidence through superstition, then superstition is a good thing

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Images and there impact on society

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Images and there Impact on SocietyIcons and idols have used images to impact society forever, and have captured the ideas and intentions of the people who admire them the same. An icon has a self image that appeals to their fans and can make them stand out above the rest. Images are simply put as an out put for something that can make us feel confident, comfortable, and secure. Self images are considerably the biggest example of an image that society, as a whole needs the most. In the future, many things will have even more of an impact on society than ever before. Using images to sell products is an important way of business and life for some. Madonna has used images to make her life a success and has made it quite easy for people to have opinions relating to her career. Although many found her to be controversial she continues to sell her images by changing certain aspects of her self and probably has done it better than anyone in the world. Vince Aletti wrote that "idols and icons have the weight of memory, the volatility of desire. Images can be a consolation or a disturbance, an inspiration or a burden. We live through them; they live through us." Society as a whole needs to see other's living their lives so they have that source of comfort and have an output for their own creativity. We as people set goals relating to the people that we look up to the most. Rather it a famous icon or simply a member of our family we occasionally act like or pretend that we are them. To achieve greatness a goal must always be in sight. Even icons that are known today at one point set their goals to others' accomplishments. When icons were first developing in the world, actors and actresses were strictly admired. Years ago Audrey Hepburn was admired by women all over the United States and still remains a prestige icon today. Jennifer Love Hewitt is a big supporter of Hepburn's work and to this day still has goals set to match the effort and success of her career. It was an extreme honor for Jennifer to play Hepburn on ABC's Sunday Night Movie a while back when her dream of actually being her icon was somewhat a reality. Icons appeal to people depending on their gender and personal preference. They help us to grow up. The images that our idols portray give us something to relate to. "In Adolescence, a fluid identity is rarely an option, and eventually all but the most alienated find a place, and then another place; for better or worse, a lifetime of places." Everyone has changed their image sometime in their lifetime in a way it helping us to become the person we are now. The impact they have on their life however can relate more to the feelings that the person has on the inside. "Gender, in most cases, is not an option; we are male or female a given. But are we masculine or feminine? Even if we accept the notion that, ideally, we share both masculine and feminine traits, what exactly are they? Who decides?" The choice to be masculine or feminine is not an option for some of society. No matter how badly some men want to be "masculine" some just cannot, so they relate to others like themselves. They may not like it at first but they eventually find comfort in their icons and except it.

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Unfortunately, the power of being considered an icon can come with the fact that a person can become to ‘confident' in there self. Material possessions are an example of how some get a little out of control. Icons that are constantly under the microscope of society can loose control and respect for their friends and the people closest to them. A person can carry themselves on their sleeve by showing confidence which makes them appear happy but often times they are not. It takes time to identify your self as a person and can take even longer for someone to become confident as a person. Using the images of idols and icons is easy to grasp, but relating to the ‘normal' people of our society is also a way for people to become comfortable with themselves and with others. A role model can be a teacher, a parent, or a friend. Usually this type of person has views and thoughts on life that may appeal to you as a person and can inspire you to achieve greater things in your life. Respecting these types of projected images is possibly the most important way of developing yourself as a person. Believing in the ideas of others who have been further educated than yourself can help you in developing your own ideas. Anything can be easier to accomplish when you know that your ideas are similar with others.The 70's were a very important time for people to display an image and to live independently. Rock n Roll for a few years was thought of as evil music and had only negative values to it. Can you imagine life without a source of upbeat relaxation? Parents' did not want their kids going to rock concerts fearing that only bad things would come from it. Of course a few bad images were set from rock concerts like drugs and unprotected sex, but maybe everything happens for a reason. People at one point also thought that ‘colored people' should have to drink from different water fountains and sit on different parts of the bus. People are not right about everything and god has forbidden that from happening. What would life be like today if the images and ideas of Dr. Martin Luther King had never been heard? Every generation has their own icons, role models, and idols that will continue to live on forever. Image is sought by a variety of different people and will continue into the future. People will continue to think that they were the first to attempt something "cool" and others will follow. Icons will set trends and society will follow. "We are all a work in progress." Vince Aletti.

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Aboriginal History: Reconciliation

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Aboriginal History ReconciliationSince European settlement, Aboriginal History has been a spiral of mistreatment and death. I believe that the Australian Government should say "sorry". This would cause a recognition of past injustices. The reasons that I believe the Australian Government should say "sorry" is because of1. Reserves.. Missions.

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. Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths.In 188, the Aborigines Protection Board was set up in New South Wales. It's purpose was to ‘smooth the pillow of the dying race' and thus hasten the extinction of the Aboriginal people. Two of the methods used were Missions and Reserves.A Reserve was an area of land set aside for Aboriginal people to live under the control of the Europeans. It was like a refugee camp. The Aboriginals even had to ask permission to leave the boundaries of the camp.On the reserves they were given basic housing and just enough food to survive. Many were also shipped off to foreign territories, often to share accommodation with Aboriginal tribes who were traditionally their enemies, or whom they could barely communicate with as a result of language barriers. Distance from their land, and coexistence with incompatible groups caused a large breakdown in Aboriginal society as kin relationships, marriage rules and cultural practices were distrupted. In many cases, particularly on Christian-run missions, Aboriginal people were given European names and were not allowed to speak their own language or practice their own ceremonies as these were considered heathen. This is a reason for the Australian Government to say "sorry" because1. This was a deliberate attempt at cultural genocide.. This deliberate attempt at cultural genocide was intended to break Aboriginal spirit and contribute to their ‘inevitable' extinction.In the late 0th century, Australia's indigenous peoples were• times more likely to be put in jail than other Australians.• 0 times more likely to be picked up by the police.• Less likely to receive bail or have legal representation in court.• More likely to plead guilty.Indigenous peoples suffered many injustices under the Australian legal system. In 18, the Commonwealth Government ordered a royal commission to investigate these matters and the general issue of the treatment or Aborigines within the Australian legal system.The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody made recommendations when it released its report in 11. It recommendations described the problems Aborigines encountered whilst in prison and the factors which had contributed to their imprisonment. These included• The negative and often racist attitudes of many police officers, which led to the over-policing and physical and verbal abuse of indigenous people• The lack of private living space for indigenous peoples, which made the incidence of drunkedness more public than that of any other Australian which made those involved easier targets• The much higher numbers of police on duty in areas with high Aboriginal population, and that this itself frequently led to hostility between the two groups.

This is a reason for the Australian Government to say "sorry" because1. Aboriginals were not given the rights which they are entitled to.. The police force unjustly targeted the Aboriginals.. Aboriginal crimes were unjustly publicized, which caused a lack or respect and compassion to become present within the Australian community.Ever since colonization, the indigenous peoples of Australia have been oppressed and persecuted. On the Reserves they were treated as refugees, even prisoners in their own land. During the course of this century they have been more likely to be put into prison, more likely to be stopped by police and less likely to receive even the basic rights that they are entitled to. It is time that the Australian Government recognized the injustices of the past, and said sorry.

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