Secoundry date

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I remember the second of August 00 like it was yesterday when my nightmare started, an now there is a hole in my heart which will remain there till the day I die.

The day was bright and warm on the morning of august the second, but there was a strange feeling in the air, which caused a chill down my spin. The air smelt like fresh bread straight from the oven.

As I walked down the stairs still in my p.js, the burning carpet warmed by the sun felt like fire warming the soles of my feet. Mum had left the toast out with the butter left beside it. I could still feel the heat coming off the crust on to my tired restless face.

I dragged my feet through the living room still with the burning sensation in my feet; I could see the blaring sun raise split the TV from its black and dull screen.

Then the ringing of the phone broke the deadly silence in the house. It was my best friend Risha asking weather I was up for the fair. I quickly said yes, dropped the receiver and ran up the stairs and jumped in to the bath.

I relaxed in the luke warm water, with the soft fluffy bubbles lying on my pale brown skin, like icing on a cake. The atmosphere around me was quite with only the bird's cherpsing outside the window and the ripples of the water as I moved my hands and feet. Soon everything went black... When I heard a thud on the bathroom door and someone asking me weather "I was aright".

At this point I opened my eyes to the beat when I realized I had fallen a sleep for a good hour or two. I shouted

"Yes im fine"

and sprawled out the bathtub.

My skin had gone wrinkly from the warm water. I raped my self in a blue soft towel and pulled the plug. The water rushed down the plughole like a tornado, leaving the white fluffy bubbles behind.

I unlocked the door and my body shivered from the cold air which hit me like a shock of lightning as I walked in my wide light blue room. I quickly put my jeans on and my baby blue top and rushed halfway down the stairs, when I heard a buzzing sound coming from outside. I walked down quickly and opened the front door to see my dad moving the lawn.

The air no longer smelt of fresh bread but more like a flowery mixed in with a grassy smell. I said

"Hello"

and walked back into the living room, leaving the front door wide open. I switched on the TV and flicked the channels vigorously, when I saw Risha's mum pull up into my driveway bleeping her horn so hard I could feel the whole house shake.

I grabbed my phone put my shoes on, I dint even bother to tie my laces, said bye to my dad, who had now finished the lawn and was planting some flowers which him and my mum had bought the previous day.

I climbed in to the red ford fiesta and sat in the back seat watching Rishas mum put the gear stick in to reverse, I waved to my dad and then the car spead out my calm, cosy street and on to the loud, busy many road.

We soon got to the fair; we bounced out of the car and into the park. The park was not crowed and there werent many rides, so we walked side by side round the whole park and sat on the steps of the walsers listening to the up beat music that the man had put on to liven up the surroundings of his business.

Somebody shouted

"Oi"

I twirled my body round, to see a tall, skinny boy standing in front of me, I soon realized it was one of my long lost friend that I hadnt seen for years on end. I picked myself up and ran as fast as my legs would go and jumped into his arm, hugging him so tight his face went red like a plump tomato. We stood talking for a few minuets, and then he gave me a peck on the cheek, and said he would give me a call whenever he was in Rushey mead.

I span around to an empty funfair, but it struck me, where was Risha? Where had she gone? Had she been kidnapped? Was she adopted by aliens? Where was she? Where? Where? Where? So many questions so little time. I walked quickly round the park trying to spot her, but nothing. My legs felt weak like jelly and all I could see was empty green areas, but no Risha.

Then my phone rang, I jumped in shock, I picked it up to hear my mum talking really quickly, I couldnt hear a word, her voice was dull and as if someone was holding her throat, Then I heard it, heard it loud and clear. My dad had been taken to hospital. My eyes watered like a flowing waterfall, I ran outside the park and cross the road to the bus stop still on the phone to my mum, I felt frustrated and as if someone had shot me in the heart. My battery died. I shouted for help but know one could hear me.

At this point I had forgot all about Risha. My mind had gone blank, even the clouds in the sky had turned black and dull. I tried ever so hard to stand patiently for the bus to take me home, but all I felt was numb and weak.

I heard a horn it was my older brother with the rest of my family apart from my mum who had gone in the ambulance with my dad. I ran not even watching the road and planked my bum into the back seat of the car and slammed the door. My sister hugged me tightly and held my hand through out the whole journey. I tried to speak but nothing would come out. My eyes burned, my cheeks were wet and my body temperature was high.

We got to the entrance of the hospital; we parked the car and got out. I stumbled holding the back of my legs for the pain to stop. The nurse guided us to the waiting room. I felt angry and impatient. As I sat on the red sofa I watched the clock go round and round in the dark, dismal room. My tears had stopped. I sat there thinking clenching on to the cushion which was beside me. My mind filled with emotions and lots of questions that I could not find the answers too. I pinched my self to awaken me from this dream, but I had proved my self-wrong, I was living in reality.

My mum walked in crying and said "He's gone". Once again my mind went blank and tears ran down my soft tender face, my mum grabbed me and held me tight, I wanted to run, wanted to hide, wanted this nightmare to stop.

The doctor came in and told us he was sorry, I shouted in disbelief pointing the finger at him blaming him for taking my dad away from me, I swore at him, my face turned angry, I didnt what I felt, angry or sad, I felt a variety of emotions which took me over.

The nurse guided us in to the room where my dad had been left to rest, I went in, the room was dark with only a one bright lamp shade that had been switched on, and lots of people who I didnt even know crying their eyes out.

I tiptoed over to my dad bedside. I tried to shake him, wanting him to wake up and hold me in his hands telling me everything was fine. I cried out loudly feeling as if I was going crazy. My body felt weak and I felt faint.

The doctor dragged me away and put me in this enclosed room with only a bed, he asked me to take this pink liquid which would make me feel dousey. I took it in one big gulp and rested my head on the pillow. My head spined and the room smelt of detox. I feel asleep with teardrops on my pillow.

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Bonerville USA

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In Regards to Determinism A Problem and a Solution

There is a problem surrounding the issue of free will and determinism. The problem is if you reject hard determinism on the grounds that it is incompatible with free moral choice, then you are still stuck with explaining how responsible moral choices are made. Contemporary philosophers have advanced a number of theories that attempt to deal with this issue, and many of them in my opinion are insufficient to advocate the theory of free moral choice. In this essay I will advocate a particular theory, known as the Agent Causation Theory, which I believe to be the most effective at explaining the phenomenon of free will. First, I will explain why I find other widely accepted theories unacceptable.

The doctrine of Hard Determinism holds that every action has pre-existing causes which determine the exact outcome of an event. In fact, the entire physical world is an intricate chain of cause and effect relationships. Each cause has an effect (event), which in turn becomes a cause for another event or events in the series of chains. Let me illustrate this with an example. If a tree falls in a forest surely you would not say that the tree fell for no reason (or cause). You would conclude that for whatever reason, the tree was caused to fall. It would not make sense to reason that the tree fell without a cause. It could be from a lumberjack chopping the trunk, or it could have a weak root system and be blown over in a wind storm. In any case, it was caused to fall. Determinism holds this principal of cause and effect to everything in the physical world. This means that since your actions are a part of the physical world, and according to modern science they are initiated by your brain, which is also a part of the physical world, they are determined.

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It seems if we accept the principals of modern science, we must also accept the principal of hard determinism. All our actions are all determined. Therefore, we do not have free will. However, there are many good reasons to conclude that hard determinism is false. If hard determinism is true, it stands to reason that nobody can ever act otherwise than they do. If this is the case, then nobody deserves praise or blame for any of their actions, and therefore no one has moral responsibility. Since moral responsibility is true, determinism must be false. Another strong argument against determinism was outlined by philosopher named Peter Van Inwagen. This is known as the Deliberation Argument. Van Inwagen explains this theory by using an example of a room with two solid steel doors. Suppose that you know one of the doors is welded shut, but you don't know which one. Now try to imagine deliberating over which door you will use to exit the room. The point is that it makes no sense to deliberate over which door to exit by if you know there is only one possible way to exit. If determinism holds true than in every situation in which you are deliberating over which choice to make, you can actually only make one choice, the one you choose. It therefore makes no sense to deliberate, since you will end up making only one choice no matter what. Van Inwagen states that "you cannot rationally deliberate unless you at least believe that more that one course of action is open to you." In other words, you cannot rationally deliberate unless you believe you have a choice. Taking these arguments into account it seems to me that hard determinism is not a reasonable doctrine to accept.

Similar to hard determinism is the doctrine of soft determinism which is supported by the majority of contemporary philosophers. Soft determinists believe that the principal of determinism (cause and effect) is true, and yet they also believe in free will. This asserts that free will and determinism are compatible in one doctrine, hence soft determinism is also known as "compatibilism". Where the hard determinist holds that a choice is caused by a long chain of causes stemming from before the individuals birth, the soft determinist holds that the cause of a choice is more immediate and comes from within the individual. This immediate cause comes from the individuals "inner mental states" or "volition". In shorter terms, a free action proceeds from or is caused by the individual's desires and beliefs. The actions of an individual are determined not by a long chain of causes, but by the more immediate source of whatever that individual's own desires and beliefs may be.

Soft determinism purports to show how an individual can accept the principal of determinism while also holding that they have free will. While this is accepted by many, I find a fundamental problem which leads me to believe that soft determinism is in fact false. Soft determinism holds that each action or choice is caused (or determined) by the individual's desires and beliefs. Soft determinism accepts that principal of determinism that every event in the universe is caused by a preexisting cause, which was in turn caused, and so on. It seems then that each of my desires and beliefs then, were also caused by prior causes. This means that billions of years before I was born, a sequence of events was happening that would eventually and inevitably determine exactly what my desires and beliefs would be. So, if I act on my desires and beliefs and to eat a banana, it follows that I did not really chose to eat the banana of my own free will. Because my desire to eat the banana was predetermined, it was not within my power to have acted any other way, but to eat the banana. If I can never do otherwise than what I do, my actions are not genuinely free. It seems that soft determinism runs into the same problem that hard determinism faces, and implies that an individual's actions cannot be both free and determined.

There is another theory that attempts to explain free will without the principal of determinism. The theory is known as the "no cause" theory, and is as follows. Every free human action is traced back to an uncaused event which takes place in the brain. An uncaused event occurs in your brain, fires your neurons and causes you to act in some way. It must be emphasized that the event in the brain is uncaused. Nothing brings it about or has any determining effect on it. It can be said that the action merely happens "out of the blue". This theory frees us of determinism, and holds that although some events have causes, not all events are caused. Since this theory does not imply determinism it is an indeterminist theory.

The "no cause" theory is lacking in much more obvious ways than the deterministic theories. The problem with the "no cause" theory lies blatantly on the face of the argument. The main premise of the theory is that some actions can occur without any cause(s). However, the argument fails to explain how this random generation of an event can occur. It merely states that it does not require a cause. Why not? How does an action occur "out of the blue"? The no cause theory fails to explain any sort of mechanism or thesis for how an uncaused action occurs. Since the theory leaves this vital information untouched, it must clearly be discarded as an invalid argument for the hypothesis of free will.

At last we come to another theory of indeterminism that attempts to explain the phenomena of free will. This theory, however, unlike the no cause theory, explains how an action can occur without being influenced by chains of cause and effect. The "agent causation" theory can be traced back to the philosophy of Aristotle, but was first systematically stated by the modern philosopher Roderick Chisholm. The agent causation theory holds that choices are not determined by the physical force of cause and effect, but are still caused. Instead of the physical chain of cause and effect, each choice is caused by a "first event" which takes place within the individual. This first event is known as event "E". Event E was not caused or determined by any prior event. In addition, event E was not caused by nothing, it was brought about by the individual or "agent". It should also be noted that the agent was not caused to cause event E. There were no outside causes that caused the agent to bring about E.

So far this still does not explain how event E was caused. It didn't just happen out of the blue, and it wasn't determined. Many agent causation theorists explain this by using the theory of the originator, which I will attempt to do in the remainder of the essay. At this point we are left without knowing the cause of event E. In other words, what originates event E? It is my belief that the originator of E is an immaterial soul which each individual possesses. According to this theory, each of us has an immaterial soul which gives us the power of free will. Since a soul is immaterial, it is not determined by the cause and effect sway of the physical world. This enables us to go outside of the pre-existing cause and effect chain and start a new chain with event E. On this view, free will is a power possessed by the soul.

The originator agent causation theory is also known as the "soul theory", in reference to the ability of the soul to give free will. To illustrate this theory, suppose that Jim freely makes a decision and performs and action. We can conclude that the cause of Jim's action is not the physical world, but Jim himself, for Jim is the agent performing the action. The soul theory states that in each case in which we perform a free action the "self" is the cause of the action, nothing else. This theory offers an explanation that explains how each of our choices can be free and how we are the causes of our own actions.

Once it has been determined that our actions are indeed free, and not caused by previous events, one come to accept morality and the idea of responsible moral choices. As stated earlier, if determinism is true than we cannot act otherwise, which implies that no one deserves praise of blame. There is therefore no such thing as morality and moral choices. According to the agent causation theory and the soul theory, each individual is the cause of his own actions, the actions are therefore free. If your actions are indeed free and not determined by outside forces, you can be held responsible for each or your actions. This means that praise and blame can be distributed, and morality is a valid principal or set of principals. Morality and free will being valid, it follows that we are capable of making responsible moral choices which are not determined by outside forces. We are the originators of our actions, which holds us responsible to our actions and obligates us to make responsible moral choices.

Throughout my studies I have encountered many arguments about determinism and indeterminism which have all compelled me to come to the conclusion that I have outlined in this essay. It seems that without accepting the agent causation theory one cannot make sense of morality and free moral choice. Determinism has clearly proved to be insufficient to explain moral decisions, for if determinism is accepted morality cannot follow. On the other side of the spectrum, the indeterminist doctrine of the no cause theory cannot be true, because while it eliminates determinism, it does not deal with the mechanism which originates the free choice. The only acceptable way to make sense of morality is to accept that there is some immaterial mechanism which gives us the ability to act freely. While I do accept agent causation and the soul theory, I also recognize that it is not a definitive conclusion. But, in moral philosophy there are no definitive answers, only the most logical and probable.

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On Becoming A Teacher

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Becoming a Teacher

In Herbert Kohl's, Growing Minds on Becoming a Teacher, I found there to be many helpful insights to the teaching profession. Kohl gives a straight up approach about his experiences while teaching, and what he feels was successful and beneficial for not only for himself, but also for his students. This book taught me that teachers not only teach the students, but the students also teach the teachers.

One of the most shocking things that took place in the beginning of the book, was the fact that this man came from a family that did a lot of labor work for careers, whereas Kohl wanted to teach elementary school students how to do the basics such as read and write. I was absolutely shocked that he went through so much schooling, and even got a doctrine at Harvard before he made the leap to elementary education.

I personally found this book quit agreeable. I really enjoyed his attitude towards students, and making them more as friends rather than a teacher -student relationship. This approach of making everyone in the school his friend helped me realize that how important it is to have the student's during the learning process. How Kohl took his students' lives and went out of his way to make them better, really gave me more energy towards the profession. I realized that this is the type of educator that I want to be. I want to be a friend, a confidant, and yet a person that still is able to educate and coach students with their lives. I found it particularly disheartening when administrators and other teachers looked down upon this way of action in the schools. I am hoping that they only reacted that way because it was forty years ago, and that attitude is now abandoned.

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The one fear that I have always had about teaching is that my students won't like me as a person and therefore not learn what I am teaching. I really think that it is important for students to be fond of their instructor because in a way it helps them get excited about the class, even if it's a subject that does not interest them. Taking from a personal experience, I always hated science growing up, until my 8th grade year I had a wonderful biology teacher, Mr. Boland. I hated biology, however Mr. Boland was so excited about the topic, and he would give incentives and play games with students to help them have fun and at the same time learn.

Another aspect Growing Minds taught me was that teachers are not the only educators in the room. "One of the beauties of teaching is that there is no limit to one's growth as a teacher" (77). Each time Kohl went into a new teaching environment, he learned something new about himself. It was almost as if he was surprised that he handled the conflict and conquered it the way he did. I feel that a true aspect of teaching is keeping an open mind, and sure there will be times when you get frustrated with a particular student, but fighting back is not the answer, but rather becoming the trickster and keeping an open sense of humor.

Every person who is going to school to be teacher always wonders about the type of discipline they will need to put forth in their classroom. No one wants a problem child, but chances are there is not a way around it. My personal take on the matter is that shipping the problem out of the classroom is the wrong idea. Kohl tells a story of a school that limited its classes down to ten students in a class because they kept ridding the problems out of the class rather than asking why there were problem students. I can only imagine the huge task a teacher has to take one when he or she is presented with disciplinary problems in the classroom, however there has to be a way to maintain control in the classroom, while solving the problems without the students even realizing it. A good teacher would look at the reason the student is presenting to resist learning, and then find a way to cure that resistance. It might be working with the child during lunch, or giving special kind attention to the child, at the same not letting him or her get away with disrupting the class. Kohl however made a great point; there will always be a problem student in the classroom. If one problem is fixed or the problem is shipped out of the room, another student will soon arise into the next disturbance.

If this book taught me anything, it is that teaching is not as easy of a profession as I had imagined it to be. There is a lot to learn, and 5% of it (besides unit plans and lessons) is all learned through experience. Herbert Kohl seemed to get through the first hard years of teaching and he offered lots of advice to those who are beginning to teach. This book really recharged my enthusiasm about the career and gave me great insight on how to overcome the great challenges. I truly hope that one day, I will be looked up to just like Kohl and I will aspire to provide the support and knowledge that he has giving myself along with many other people looking into this line of work.

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Huck Finn and tom Sawyer

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Huck Finn and Ton Sawyer are two characters that seem to not be able to keep themselves out of trouble. Such is the case in the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by American author Mark Twain. The more these Huck and Tom continue with their insane antics and pulling pranks the more they prove themes. Their actions though funny often prove serious themes. Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer, two diverse characters, show the themes of prejudice, hypocrisy, and the "true heart" through satire.

The theme of prejudice is apparent when shown through Tom Sawyer. Exaggeration and the imagination are Tom Sawyer's specialties When Jim is imprisoned in Uncle Silas' shack Tom decides that cutting off one of Jim's limbs to free him is a stroke of genius, "And a leg would be better still. But we got to let that go. There ain't necessity enough in this case; and besides, Jim's a nigger, and wouldn't understand the reasons for it…" (pg.1). Tom wants everything by the books; practical or not. Even though it makes one chuckle to think that someone even took into consideration to amputate someone's limb to free them when the bed could be lifted up and slide the chain of the bed. On top of that Jim is a slave, which in Tom's case makes is even better. To Tom it is just like ripping the wings off a fly. Sadly, Tom cannot be blamed for his thoughts and actions; he has been taught this from infancy. Society is to blame for this cruel mistake. Society tells people what to think and act like a twisted game of Simon says The author is plainly showing that prejudice is a vile and uncaring beast that rampages through families leaving its evil seeds in the hearts and minds of the generations to come. Tom Sawyer, a prejudice bigot, who out right kicks prejudice into the open for everyone to see and spit at.

Huckleberry Finn proves the theme of hypocrisy through his and Tom's plan to free Jim. Throughout the entire novel, Huck has been listening to his heart and does the right things, but when Tom comes along, Huck falls back into being a follower and doing what he is told. "Well, if it ain't just like you Huck Finn. You can get up the infant-schooliest ways of going at a thing. Why, hain't you ever read any books at all?" (pg. 0). Tom is coming up with all these crazy ideas on how to rescue Jim, and when Huck protests saying a practical one Tom degrades Huck, who then just falls in suit with Tom again. Twain demonstrates that self-esteem leads hypocrisy around by a leash. When a person does not feel strongly about himself he is quick to change his views when someone has a different opinion. Another part of that is the fact Huck looks up to Tom. To Huck, Tom is a model citizen who can do no wrong in any way. Upon that, Huck thinks of himself as low-down and dirty. Hypocrisy is evident throughout this book Huck is just a vessel to convey it to the reader. Hypocrisy is proven yet again by the infamous Huck Finn; when Jim thinks he's in freedom he talks about he will steal his children back and Huck is shocked. "Here was this nigger, which I had as good as helped to run away, coming right out flatfooted and saying he would steal his children" (pg. 86). Huck actually stole Jim, according to society's standards, by not turning him in, and here Huck responds with surprise because Jim wants to "steal" his children. It is odd that Huck could even find it wrong that Jim would want to steal his own flesh and blood. What the author is trying to show that once some else tries to steal a slave then it was wrong. Huck Finn has struggle within him and he does what is right and then gives in to the gravitational pull of society.

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The theme of the "true heart" is proven through Huck Finn through his crazy, but right actions. "These uncles of yourn ain't no uncles at all; they are a couple of frauds…" (pg.180). In this scene Huck goes to Mary Ann and explains to her that the King and the Duke are frauds. Huck had been going along with the King's and Duke's plan for as long as he could stand, but when he finally could take no more of watching the three sisters get robbed blind he told Mary Ann. The reader can see Huck's pure heart because he could have made off with a lot of money, but instead he did what was right. People who follow their heart are still hard to find. Most people do what society, family, or friends dictate for them, but when someone does what their heart tells them they shine. Furthermore, this is how Huck proves the theme of the "true heart".

Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer help prove the theme of prejudice, hypocrisy, and the "true heart". In the world we live in these themes are still very apparent. Through Huck the author shows the right way by doing what his heart tells, but saying what society tells him to say. In contrast, Tom Sawyer is the opposite; he says what society tells him and does whatever he wants, but still pleases society. If prejudice, hypocrisy, and the "true heart" still thrive in reality then authors will continue to put them in their novels.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ‘Films rely on symbolic and technical codes to encourage the viewer to identify and accept particular representations of individuals or groups of people.'. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ‘Films rely on symbolic and technical codes to encourage the viewer to identify and accept particular representations of individuals or groups of people.' paper right on time.

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The way in which viewers are encouraged to perceive certain groups of people or individuals is predominantly influenced by the symbolic and technical codes used by the filmmakers. In the feature film Erin Brockovich viewers are positioned to identify with the major characters and accept the way in which they are represented. Erin Brockovich consists of a small variety of groups of people as well as the important characters that are portrayed as the individuals. Film producers rely heavily on the use of symbolic and technical codes to present the characters but the direction of viewers' attitude towards these representations is also influenced by additional methods.The feature film Erin Brockovich is a true story about a determined woman who tackles the corporate giant, Pacific Gas and Electric in a lawsuit regarding the deceit directed towards a small Californian town, Hinkley, as to the misleading statements regarding the condition of their water supply. With the assistance of Ed Masry's legal expertise, Erin and Ed commit themselves to help these unfortunate people whose lives have been destroyed because of the diseases and various types of illnesses the contaminated water has forced upon them.Symbolic techniques are used in the feature film Erin Brockovich to foster an influenced representation if individuals. This is intentional, as the viewer can accept and identify with these individuals. Erin Brockovichs' storyline is categorized into the Archetypal narrative of the underdog against the more powerful foe. This is highlighted in a distinct and powerful scene when Peter Jensen, husband of Donna Jensen, is seen in absolute dismay and distress, crying, whilst throwing stones at the Hinkley Water Corporation that is seen in the distance. The viewer witnesses camera shots of his homestead with his lights on seen through the windows and then reverts to camera shots of the Hinkley plant itself. The predominant colour used in this scene is a blue-grey which is somewhat symbolic to the emotions Peter is feeling, further scooping the whole underdog notion. Through the throwing of stones at the Hinkley plant the powerful similarities seen between the ‘David and Goliath' bible tale are clearly unmistakable. Through this specific scene the viewer can observe the severity of damage PG and E have caused individuals such as Peter Jensen, as he has just learnt that his wife has a malignant tumor in her breast. The movie producers purposely use the symbolic technique of colour to further heighten the emotions of the viewer and to make the viewer understand the situation as being somewhat similar to ‘David and Goliath'. The viewer feels a level of empathy and commiseration for Peter Jensen as PG and E have instigated horrible life-threatening damages to his family. The negative representation of PG and E is acquired as the viewers look on to the suffering they have caused and through this determine that PG and E are the antagonists in this situation. As the viewer values family and life, they cab accept and identify with Peter Jensen as an individual.Feature film producers in Erin Brockovich employ symbolic codes to portray a certain representation of a group of people such as the plaintiffs. All plaintiffs differ as individuals but all withhold the link of exposure to hexavalent chromium during their time in Hinkley. All of the six hundred and fourteen plaintiffs are represented in Erin Brockovich to belong to the same socio-economic grouping. Obviously this is not the case for all of the plaintiffs but the minority whoa re seen, through their appearance; the viewer can assume that these people are not very well off. This is displayed through costume, as their clothing is middle class. Also through setting the viewer witnesses the conditions of their homesteads and how the town is constructed as a whole. The viewer sees the diversity of the plaintiffs through their dress in a series of scenes referred as jump cuts when Erin and Ed are driving around knocking door to door to obtain the extra one hundred and fifty signatures needed for the arbitration proposal. The viewer sees a diverse range of people, all having a different appearance seen through the symbolic code costume. This is done intentionally by feature filmmakers to put some emphasis on the assortment of people affected by PG and E. Another scene where the viewer sees the diversity of the plaintiffs is where Ed Masry is explaining the arbitration proposal to the town at a group meeting on a relatively humid night. This scene is seen from the perspective from Ed Masry as the viewer witnesses the audience he is addressing dressed at a middle class level trying to battle the humidity. Also through setting the viewer interprets that there is not a high demand for living in Hinkley because when the representative for PG and E offers $50,000 for the Jensen's home he is cocky and cynical as he states that this is a above market value for an area such as this. The representative hints to the audience that Hinkley is not a very desirable place to live. All scenes where the viewer observes the plaintiffs determine on what level the viewer accepts and identifies with them therefore somewhat relating to them. The viewers of Erin Brockovich can relate to these plaintiffs and they accept the representation that they belong to the lower to middle class who are merely trying to sue PG and E in order for compensation to enable some future security through financial means. Through the symbolic code, costume, the viewer understands that PG and E are far superior to the plaintiffs in social-economic grouping. The viewer accepts this representation and can identify with the plaintiffs as some viewers may feel they are deserving of compensation and also some viewers may have similarities with them too such as appearance. The viewer is enabled to accept these people as a group due to the representation that they are normal everyday citizens whose lives have been crushed by another conflicting group, PG and E.

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Technical camera shot are employed in Erin Brockovich to portray an influenced representation of PG and E itself. With the further aid of audio codes, technical camera shots can be further emphasized and help the viewer in fully understanding what is carried out in a scene. When Erin is at home she receives a disturbing phone call from an anonymous man. This anonymous man is an unseen individual representing the PG and E group. The mystery caller states that Erin should be careful and should nor continue her investigations further and implies to her that if she continues he will use her children as a means to damage her. After the audio phone call that the viewer is fully able to hear, camera shots clearly show that Erin is now high-strung and edgy. Due to her nervousness she closes her blinds and checks her house for some further assurance on personal security and privacy. A long shot is used as well as a series of close ups of Erin's face to show the audience that she is now rattled and worried. The viewer can identify with Erin's natural maternal instinct to protect her children from harm. This unseen anonymous character is an individual represented as the PG and E group and therefore as a group they are reflected to be negative as they would intentionally harm children to hide the truth. The viewers of Erin Brockovich value family, so this further enables a level of identification and acceptance between them and Erin. The viewer interprets PG and E as dangerous and evil as childhood innocence and life is valued by the majority of society. The negative representation is clear as they are prepared to harm more people to cover up the truth regarding contaminated water. The viewer accepts this negative representation of PG and E because of the direction of Erin reacted to the hostile threat. Although due to Erin's strong character she still continues her investigations to help the plaintiffs. Erin is seen as the movies protagonist and therefore the viewer sides with Erin.Technical camera angles are use by feature filmmakers to show an influenced representation of Erin as an individual. In a scene when Erin arrives home late one night, she discovers Jeorge is ready to leave her as she has been neglecting him as a partner in their relationship. Jeorge is shown through camera manipulation to look upset as a long shot is used to symbolize his loneliness. Jeorge tells Erin she has to find a different job or a different guy. Erin replies "For the first time in my life, I got people respecting me. Please don't ask me to give that up"(1)Erin clearly does not wan to give up her job as she has worked very hard and the Hinkley community respects her. Erin is sick and tired of being pushed down by the constraints of a male-dominated society and she wants to be successful in life. By witnessing this camera angle of Jeorge and Erin's personal reaction to it can help the viewer in successfully identifying and accepting Erin as an individual. Erin is seen as a heroine for not falling for Jeorge's request and fighting for her independence, as she does not want to confirm with the conventions of males being dominant over women. The viewer accepts this positive representation of Erin because she gives so much to help people and she does not want to give that up even if it deters her away from her partner, Jeorge. The viewer accepts and identifies with Erin as well as the representation that she sacrifices a lot of time from her personal life to help the PG and E case run smoothly. The viewer can relate to Erin because of their similar ties with values and attitudes, as well as the manipulation of technical codes such as long shots and full shots to enable on the correct character representation to come across to the audience. Technical codes play an essential role in the acceptance and identification of Erin as an individual by the viewers.Viewers throughout the feature film Erin Brockovich are somewhat influenced to perceive certain representations of individuals and groups of people through the aid of technical and symbolic codes. Viewers are purposely positioned by feature filmmakers to identify and accept all characters whether in a positive or negative light. Also all characters whether they belong to a group or seen as individuals are purposely constructed by film directors to achieve a certain response from the viewer. Film directors depend heavily on the use of symbolic and technical codes to further present these characters. Other codes such as audio codes play a role in the fine-tuning of a scene and the light in which an individual or a group is represented.

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Evolution

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A long path leads from the origins of primitive ?life,? which existed at least .5 billion years ago, to the profusion and diversity of life that exists today. This path is best understood as a product of evolution. Contrary to popular opinion, neither the term nor the idea of biological evolution began with Charles Darwin and his foremost work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (185). Many scholars from the ancient Greek philosophers on had inferred that similar species were descended from a common ancestor. The word ?evolution? first appeared in the English language in 1647 in a non-biological connection, and it became widely used in English for all sorts of progressions from simpler beginnings. Some common errors about the theory of evolution are illustrated by such questions as ?If man evolved from the apes, then why are there still apes?? The theory of evolution is not equivalent to Darwinism. The term Darwin most often used to refer to biological evolution was ?descent with modification,? which remains a good brief definition of the process today. The extensive evidence in support of both fact and theory of evolution is an interrelated set of now well confirmed hypotheses including descent with modification, natural selection, and genetics as being the mechanisms behind the evolutionary process itself.

The descent with modification component of evolutionary theory is that all life forms can trace their lineages back to earlier classes of life forms in a branching, ?nested? hierarchy (forming what looks like a bush or tree, as in the ?Tree of Life?), which can ultimately be traced back to the beginning of life on earth (a point that would likely have been the culmination of a long period during which the distinction between living and non-living matter would have been difficult to make). During the long period since that time, changes in body plans have accumulated in diverse directions to make all the differences we now see between all life forms. To continue the tree analogy, a person can start from the tip of any arbitrarily chosen twig and follow it back to the point where it joins another twig, the ?common ancestor? of the two (or more) twigs. That now thicker twig or branch can then be traced back to where it joins another branch. This process can be repeated until that person ultimately reaches the trunk. Applied to evolution, each twig and branch represents a particular lineage; the points where there is a joining of those twigs and branches represents the common ancestor of all the lineages that can be traced back to that point. Note that the descent with modification hypothesis can be tested independently of any ideas about how it happened, the mechanism behind it. Of course, the mechanism introduced by Darwin was that of natural selection (along with the additional view that natural selection proceeded in a gradual, steady fashion).

Darwin proposed that evolution could be explained by the differential survival of organisms following their naturally occurring variation, a process he termed ?natural selection.? According to this view, the offspring of organisms differ from one another and from their parents in ways that are heritable; that is, they can pass on the differences genetically to their own offspring. Furthermore, organisms in nature typically produce more offspring than can survive and reproduce given the constraints of food, space, and other environmental resources. If a particular off spring has traits that give it an advantage in a particular environment, that organism will be more likely to survive and pass on those traits. As differences accumulate over generations, populations of organisms diverge from their ancestors.

A particularly compelling example of speciation involves the 1 species of finches studied by Darwin on the Galapagos Islands, now known as Darwin?s finches. The ancestors of these finches appear to have emigrated from the South American mainland to the Galapagos. Today the different species of finches on the island have distinct habitats, diets, and behaviors, but the mechanisms involved in speciation continue to operate. A single year of drought on the islands can drive evolutionary changes in the finches. Drought diminishes supplies of easily cracked nuts but permits the survival of plants that produce larger, tougher nuts. Droughts thus favor birds with strong, wide beaks that can break these tougher seeds, producing populations of birds with these traits. It has been estimated that if droughts occur about once every 10 years on the islands, a new species of finch might arise in only about 00 years.

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Darwin?s original hypothesis has undergone extensive modification and expansion, but the central concepts stand firm. Studies in genetics and molecular biology, fields unknown in Darwin?s time, have explained the occurrence of the hereditary variations that are essential to natural selection. Genetic variations result from changes, or mutations, in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, the molecule that genes are made from. Such changes in DNA now can be detected and described with great precision.

Genetic mutations arise by chance. They may or may not equip the organism with better means for surviving in its environment. But if a gene variant improves adaptation to the environment (for example, by allowing an organism to make better use of an available nutrient, or to escape predators more effectively, such as through stronger legs or disguising coloration), the organisms carrying that gene are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without it. Over time, their descendants will tend to increase, changing the average characteristics of the population. Although the genetic variation on which natural selection works is based on random or chance elements, natural selection itself produces ?adaptive? change; the very opposite of chance.

Evolutionary change continues to this day, and it will proceed so long as life itself exists. In recent years, many bacterial pathogens have evolved resistance to antibiotics used to cure infections, thereby requiring the development of new and more costly treatments. In some frightening cases, bacteria have evolved resistance to every available antibiotic, so there is no longer any effective treatment. In the case of HIV, which causes AIDS, significant viral evolution occurs within the course of infection of a single patient, and this rapid evolution enables the virus to evade the immune system. Many agricultural pests have evolved resistance to chemicals that farmers have used for only a few decades. As we work to control diseases and pests, the responsible organisms have been evolving to escape our controls. Moreover, scientists can perform experiments to study evolution in real time, just as experiments are used to observe dynamic processes in physics, chemistry, and other branches of biology. To study evolution in action, scientists use organisms like bacteria and fruit flies that reproduce quickly, so they can see changes that require many generations.

The extensive evidence in support of both fact and theory of evolution comes primarily from studies of descent with modification, natural selection, and genetics. Evolutionary biology is a strong field of science. A theoretical framework that encompasses several basic mechanisms is consistent with the patterns seen in nature; and there is abundant evidence demonstrating the action of these mechanisms as well as their contributions to nature. Hence, evolution is both a theory and a set of established facts that the theory explains. Like every other science, there is scientific debate about some aspects of evolution, but none of these debates appear likely to shake the foundations of this field. There exists no other scientific explanation that can account for all the patterns in nature, only non-scientific explanations that require a miraculous force, like a creator. Such super-natural explanations lie outside of science, which can neither prove nor disprove miracles. Science provides us with a compelling account and explanation of the changing life on Earth. Please note that this sample paper on Evolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Evolution, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Evolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Three Kings

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Three Kings

(1)Crew Director/Writer (David O. Russell), Producer (Charles Roven)

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CastGeorge Clooney (Archie Gates), Mark Wahlberg (Troy Barlow), Ice Cube (Chief Elgin)Plot SummaryThe movie starts of with Barlow shooting an Iraqi soldier in the neck. The next day him and Conrad find a very important map that ends up leading to sadams bunkers with the bullion he stole from Kuwait meanwhile they take the map back to their tent and chief comes with aerial maps of the designated area in Iraq which were the map was drawn of. They are interrupted by Archie looking for the map and an offer to make to the guys. So he proposes that they go and find this gold and mentions that they won't have to go back to their day jobs. So they leave the next morning to a small village outside of Karbala. They make one two though the bunker inside the city and find the gold. The Iraqi soldiers help them put the gold in a van they stole from a villager. They leave with the gold and some villagers. As they leave, the Iraqi soldiers fire tear gas mortars at them causing them to wreck and troy is captured but the others were saved.So Archie makes a deal with the rebels to go find troy.After going through a small battle they find Troy in an Iraqi bunker being tortured. After they come out of the bunker Conrad is shot and killed. They now try to get the rebels across the Kuwait border but the Iraqis would've let em but the U.S. military came to the rescue.Character Analysis

Chief has a good symbol that being religion. This is shown directly and indirectly a couple of times its shown for example, its shown directly when he's praying at shrine and then its shown indirectly when him and Barlow are looking at the map and when he dose the sign of the cross.Music

The music in this movie emphasizes on the culture and the surrounding actions for example, when they are parting at the beginning they play the music in our culture, the when they walk to the town where they get the cars a song Is playing in an Arab language, when there are action/battles they play a suspense type of music.SymbolThe key symbol in this movie is the map because it makes them think that stealing the gold can't be that hard. Because the map made the bunkers look like they were away from anti-ally troops. But as they leave the bunker with the gold, the republican guard fired mortars with tear gas at them. So the map didn't make them think about the bad stuff that could and did happen.ThemeThings aren't as easy as they seem. When you steal gold there is going to be some pist off people and think they didn't realize that those soldiers were going to be killed because they let American soldiers steal saddams gold.EvaluationI really like this movie because first of all it starts of with Kevin shooting an Iraqi in the neck. But I also liked how David O. Russell made them mortal. I hate when the good guys never get shot or killed so by doing this Three Kings is pretty realistic. He also makes a serious time "being that it is a war their fighting" comical. He made a great decision putting Conrad's character in the movie. There is nothing better then having a white trash high school drop out joining the army and has no clue what the hell is going on. I also like what he did with the camera work especially when troy got shot he made a first person point of view shot, made it a little blurry, and he muffled the sound . It really added suspense because I wasn't sure if he was going to die or not. I really want to watch some more David O. Russell films.

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