The Poetry of F. A. Reznikov

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F. A. Reznikov, who was born in 184 and died in 16, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. F. A. Reznikov most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Reznikov poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Reznikov utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally.

Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and

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loneliness, Reznikov probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 00-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous instances and forms of the number 1 throughout the poem. First, l(a contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, a; the second line contains the French singular definite article, le; ll on the fifth line represents two ones; one on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, l, isolates the number; and iness, the last line, can mean the state of being I - that is, individuality - or oneness, deriving the one from the lowercase roman numeral i (00). Reznikov could have simplified this poem drastically (a leaf falls/loneliness), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a one and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a 1 (00). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The beginning l(a changes to le, and af flips to fa. ll indicates a quick drop of the leaf, which has slowed by a longer line, one. Finally, the leaf falls into the pile of fallen leaves on the ground, represented by iness. Reznikov has written this poem so perfectly that every part of it conveys the message of oneness and individuality (00).

In mortals), Reznikov vitalizes a trapeze act on paper. Oddly enough, this poem, too, stresses the idea of individualism, or eachness, as it is stated on line four. Lines and 4, climbi and begi, both end leaving the letter i exposed. This is a sign that Reznikov is trying to emphasize the concept of self-importance (Tri 6). This poem is an amusing one, as it shows the effects of a trapeze act within the arrangement of the words. On line 10, the space in the word open ing indicates the act beginning, and the empty, static moment before it has fully begun. of speeds of and &meet&, lines 8 and 1 respectively, show a sort of back-and-forth motion, much like that of the motion of a trapeze swinging. Lines 1 through 15 show the final jump off the trapeze, and a/n/d on lines 17 through 1, represent the deserted trapeze, after the acrobats have dismounted. Finally, (im on the last line should bring the readers eyes back to the top of the poem, where heinds mortals). Placing (im at the end of the poem shows that the performers attain a special type of immortality for risking their lives to create a show of beauty, they attain a special type of immortality (6-7). The circularity of the poem causes a feeling of wholeness or completeness, and may represent the Circle of Life, eternal motion (Fri 6).

Reznikov first tightly written ideogram was !blac, a very interesting poem. It starts with !, which seems to be saying that something deserving that exclamation point occurred anterior to the poem, and the poem is trying objectively to describe certain feelings resulting from !. black against white is an example of such a description in the poem; the clashing colors create a feeling in sync with !. Also, why (whi) suggests amusement and wonder, another feeling resulting from ! (Weg 145). Cummings had written a letter concerning !blac to Robert Wenger, author of The Poetry and Prose of Reznikov (see Works Cited). In it, he wrote, for me, this poem means just what it says . . . and the ! which begins the poem is what might be called and emphatic (=very). This poem is also concerns the cycle of birth, life, death, and renewal. This is derived from the . preceding the last letter. This shows that even though the poem is finished, the circle of life is not, and is ever cycling (Weg 144). Through the poems shape, !blac also shows a leaf fluttering to the ground. The lines spacing synchronizes the speed of the reading with that of the leaf at different points in its fall. With its capital Is, IrlI also indicates a leaf falling straight down before it hits the ground (147). Reading this poem, one may realize the lone comma on line 1. The poet writes about the sky and a tree, and then a comma intrudes, which makes the reader pause, and realize the new awareness that the comma indicated - that of a falling leaf (145). Lines 1 through 6 are also very important to the poem. Although black against white may be referring to the color of the falling leaf in contrast to the bright sky, it is not wrong to assume it means more. As stated above, the poems theme is the cycle of life, and black against white could be indicating life death versus life. It shows that even though a leaf falling may be an indication of death, falling of leaves is an integral part of the whole life cycle of the tree(146). !blac may seem like a simple mess of words, but in reality is much more complex than that.

swi( is another poem of Reznikov ideogram form. The essence of this poem is seeing a birds swift flight past the sun, and the wonder of this experience. The poem mainly tries to convince the reader of the difference between conception, what one sees, and perception, what one knows he is seeing (Mar 105). The first line, swi( shows that the object the poet sees is moving so rapdly that before he completely utters his first word, he must describe the object, and that it is passing before another object - the sun. His use of only primary descriptives, such as speed, direction, color, and shape indicates that he is trying to describe the bird as quickly as possible. The way he speaks, in terse syllables that lack syntactical relationship to each other, imitate one who tries to speak before he knows exactly what he wants to say; it is another indication of how quickly the object is moving (106). a-motion-upo-nmotio-n/Less?, the 6th line, is signifying that although the poet knows that both the objects are moving, ones motion causes the other to seem still (106). The d, at the end of the poem is showing that after the poet has finally namedthe object he saw, he immediately loses interest and stops, as writing more to further organize his thoughts would be superfluous (106). The contrasting words in this poem are very important. against contrasts with across, and signifies a halt. It seems that the poet wants to stop the object in order to describe it. But a stopping of motion would contradict swi/ftly, so Reznikov decided to refer to the speed average of the two, Swi/mming (106). swi( contains less symbolism than the other poems being analyzed, but it is similar in that the syntax adds greatly to the poem.

Reznikov peculiar method of using syntax to convey hidden meaning is extremely effective. The reader does not simply read and forget Reznikov ideas; instead, he must figure out the hidden meaning himself. In doing this, he feels contentment, and thus retains the poems idea for a more extended period of time. Reznikov ideogram poems are puzzles waiting to be solved.

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My honey

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MY BIBLE OF LIFEMY BIBLE OF LIFEI am William Bryant Manalo Gyenes; my parents are William Bryant Velarde Gyenes and Marissa Basister Manalo. I was born on February 7, 185 at Manila Doctors Hospital in Manila, I was the only in child. Frankly, my parents are separated since I was a kid. For whatever reason, I don't know. My Grandparents at #54 Opalo St. Vito Cruz Metro Manila raised me. For my mom had left abroad to work. Together with my Grandparents are my uncles and aunts who took good care of me that time. They were the one who raised me up because my mother was not around to be with me, as I said, she left to work. I know this kind of situations aren't new anymore, this is now usual or common for us. So, as a kid that time, I could say that I was the luckiest in world, being spoiled by my Lolo was very fortunate of me. Having everything I want in terms of toys, foods, trips, and almost everything a kid would want. As any normal kid, I do play on the streets with my friends, go to places like amusement parks, theme parks, arcade halls, playing with my toys alone sometimes, and even talk to myself sometimes, that was according to my aunts and uncles. As a kid, I also do know how to cry and feel sad, but because of my Lolo's kindness, he would do anything just to cheer me up, offer anything just to let me smile. That's how good my Lolo was. He was also generous in terms of money, even if I was just a kid, money was not a big deal that time, and he gives me a big amount of money for me to buy anything I want to. At the same time my mother who was working is also sending me money and all the toys I want. That's my life when I was still a kid. No worries, no problems at all, just enjoying every single of my life. Then when I was 5 years old, my Grandmother and me decided to go at my aunt's place in Las Pinas City. We went there to stay at their place and I don't even also know why, as a kid you are not allowed to know everything that is happening around you, all about knowledge was limited that time. So I didn't have any idea why we left to stay at my aunt's place. I lived there with my cousins, my aunt's kids, a little older than me, but we did get along very well. I started missing my Lolo that time, but I didn't take it as a big deal because I knew that my Lolo is just around. Then I decided to go to school, and my auntie enrolled me at Bloomfield Academy somewhere in BF Resort Village Las Pinas City. At first, being a spoiled brat, my reflection in school is not good, all the things I want should and must be done that time, but sooner I came to adjust with it. I had a lot of good experiences in school. I had merit cards, awards for academic excellence, and some special awards for school activities. I met a lot of new friends there and get along with them very well. My Grandmother was the one who is guiding me in my studies that time for I don't know where was my Grandfather, but sometimes we see each other and talk to each other just to ask how was life as of those days. As I grew up, things weren't that simple anymore, I started to miss my mother and also started to ask things about her, yes, we do talk on the phone just for her to ask me if I'm just fine, if am I doing good in school and to ask what do I want her to buy for me. She keeps on reminding me of having good grades in school, for it is the only thing that could make her happy. So I did try my best in school to attain good grades, I know she was happy, but still it seems like there is missing, … my mom. I started to ask God why she was not with me, unlike my other friends, their parents are with them, I thought I was the luckiest kid in the world for having my Grandparents, my uncles and aunts, for having everything I want, but I ended up to the fact that I was wrong. I prayed to God for my mother to come home and be with me and spend our lives together till I grow up and I waited for God's response, but there was nothing. My mother still needs to work abroad for the reasons that I could really not understand (kiddies stuff). So I continued my childhood life, I still received high grades, merits in school, and special awards, my mother as she said, was happy again and the cycle of my life continues all over again. After years passed, I was in my third (rd) grade my Grandfather got sick and was confined in the hospital. The doctor said he has a lung cancer. I was so depressed and I felt so alone that time that I couldn't even know what might happen next. I started to think about things like how good my Grandfather was, and why such things had to happen. I really don't know what to do that time. I don't know if to whom should I lean on to, because I was not really that close with my other relatives. My Grandfather was the one I looked up to; I build dreams for the two of us, made plans for the both of us. But still I didn't lose hope. I prayed to God for Him to save my Lolo from illness, and thank Him for I know that this time He might grant my wish. I always visit my Lolo at the hospital to bring him some fruits, hoping that it could help to make him feel well. After months, my uncles and aunts brought him to Baguio. I asked them if I could also go so I could take good care of my Lolo, but they didn't allow me. They said that my Lolo was fine and I should focus on my studies and just to take good care of myself instead. But still I insisted to go with them and they couldn't stop me, so they brought me with them and I watched over my Lolo from morning till we sleep. But as the days passed, my Lolo started to deteriorate. My Lolo's illness became more complicated. We went into the hospital again and my aunties told the doctor what happened. The doctor said that my Lolo already have U.T.I. and severe infection in the liver, they tried to treat the disease as what doctors usually do. Few weeks after, I was in the school that time, my auntie called us up to went to the hospital. She said that my Lolo was already telling names of his children and grandchildren. We all rushed into the hospital to check if what was happening. When we arrived at the hospital, I couldn't believe what I saw, my Lolo was very weak and couldn't recognize us anymore, a few hours later, he died. I was confused and didn't know what to do, I didn't know what to react, what to feel or even what to say. That moment was the darkest day of my life. I couldn't accept the fact that my Lolo is gone, that I could never ever see him again, I felt so alone. I started to blame God for everything, I got mad and asked him why does He have to take my Grandfather, he was all good and responsible, but why He had taken him away from us. My aunts and uncles called my mom and told her that my grandfather was seriously ill and she has to get home as soon as possible. After two days my mother arrived from abroad without knowing anything about what happened. I saw her really shocked, and depressed. Even she couldn't believe what she saw. I started to miss my grandfather badly, and because of the pain and hatred that I felt, things turned out miserable. I was in grade 4 then when I started not to attend my classes, I didn't have interests on studies anymore, I became insensitive about my surroundings. I didn't care about what others says. All I know is my life is already becoming a complete a complete mess. No one could talk to me seriously, because I wont mind him or her either. I graduated from grade school maybe because of the help of my very considerate teachers. They all knew what happened and they give me passing grades just to be able to graduate from grade school. Graduating wasn't really a big deal for me that time. As I said, I do not care about anything. I continued my high school in Bloomfield Academy. But this time, I was with mom. My mother decided to stay here for good, seeing me so depressed and so confused made her decide to stay. At first, for me it was just fine. But things started to be different. I had a hard time adjusting with her. As I said before, I used to be spoiled by my Lolo, but when my mother came, a lot of things were changed. I want ‘this', I want ‘that', I want ‘those', … but I just couldn't have ‘this', ‘that' and even ‘those'. I hope you did get me. I became more unmanageable, just like before, I don't want to go to school to attend my classes. In high school, I met a lot of new friends wherein we jived so great. I cut classes, I failed my subjects, I cheated from my exams, and I've done the silliest things a teen could do. Almost everything. Teachers started to get cheesed off me. I was one of the shrewd students in school. My mom was often called into the office and others stuffs like that. In our house, at that time, was also not good. My mom used to scold me everyday and night for coming home late, for putting myself into troubles, for using the phone for hours and a lot more. We used to argue about a lot of things. There was also a time that I ran away from home for the reason that I really do not know until now. I stayed at my friends house for a week, after that I decided to go home and the moment I stepped into the house, it seems like nothing happened. I was really curious about why she didn't got mad at me, and then I found out that my uncles talked to her and explained to her my side. I then realized that I still have someone to lean on, … my uncles. But I didn't mind that too much. I continued with my life as a brat, doing nothing but to enjoy my life. (That is how I define fun that time) I get myself into a lot of troubles that time like having cases in school for my behaviors and other stuffs related to that. After I finished with my nd year, I transferred at Augustinian Abbey School also around in BF Resort Village at Las Pinas. I continued my life still the same, I met a set of new friends again, got along together and seek for new adventures. Till I ended up transferring at St. Francis of Assisi College in 4th yr. After months of staying there, I started to think about things in life. And I said to myself, ‘this is my last year in high school', I tried to reflect on the things that happened in my past, and asked myself, ‘what have I done with my life?' things were a complete mess. I had this recollection in school and the instructor said about things. He asked us to recall and collect all the good graces God gave us. And I start to recall, jot down the graces I received from Him, and when I tried to count it, … I realized that it was many, that a paper wouldn't fit for all of those. After that, I came to realize that ‘fun' doesn't have to be like having ‘good times', but having good relationships with people. It is already time for me to move on. I would piss that no one off. That was the real definition of ‘fun' and ‘happiness'. The whole year was a complete adjustment for me. I tried to be active in school again, tried to be good with my mom and other relatives. I am not going home late anymore, I am more responsible about the things I am doing now. I spend my Christmas last year with my Mom full of happiness in my heart. I feel so refreshed. The big event arrived, … my graduation day. My aunts, my uncles, my Lola and specially my mom was there, very happy for me. Even though my Lolo was not there to share his joy with me, I know that he is happy for me, that I moved on and that I am doing great. After graduation, my family and me decided to go on a vacation to spend more time together. And after a long week of that, I started to look for a new school for college, wherein I could continue what I have started before. Now I am here in San Juan De Letran having my college program of B.S. information technology. And wish that my dreams even without my Lolo would come true. And I will be successful in life.

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Object Oriented Program

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For a language to be classified as object-oriented it must also provide inheritance and polymorphism. Inheritance is the capability to derive one class from another. A derived class is a completely new data type that incorporates all of the data member and member functions of the original class with any new data and functions members unique to itself. The class used as the basis for the derived type is referred to as the base or parent class and the derived data type is referred to as the derived or child class.A derived class has the same form as any other class in that it consists of both a declaration and an implementation. The only difference is in the first line of the declaration section. For a derived class this line is extended to include an access specification and a base class name has the form class derived-class-name class-access base-class-nameTo illustrate the concept of inheritance we will derive a Box class from a base class Rectangle. The following program listing is the implementation of the two classes.

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#include iostream.h#include math.hconst double PI = .0 asin(1.0);class Circle{ protected

double radius; public

Circle(double = 1.0);

double area( );};CircleCircle(double r){ radius = r; }double Circlearea( ){ return (PIradiusradius); }class Cylinder public Circle { protected double length; public Cylinder (double r = 1.0, double l = 1.0);

double area ( ); };CylinderCylinder(double r, double l ){ radius = r; length = l;}double Cylinderarea( ){ return (lengthCirclearea()); }int main ( ){ Circle circle_1, circle_ (); Cylinder cylinder_1(,4);cout The area of circle_1 is circle_1.area(); cout The area of circle_ is circle_.area();cout The volume of cylinder_1 is

cylinder_1.area(); circle_1 = cylinder_1;cout The area of circle_1 is now

circle_1.area() endl endl; return 0;}Run the above program and try to understand the concept behind it.Q1. Create a base class named Point that consists of an x and y coordinates as data member. From this class derive a class named Circle having an additional data member named radius. For this derived class the x and y data members represent the center coordinates of a circle. The function members of the base class should consists of a constructor, an area function named area() that return zero, and a distance() function that returns the distance between a point and the origin. Also, the derived class should have a constructor and an override function named area() that returns the area of a circle. Include the class implementation in a working C++ program. Q. Create a base class named Rectangle that contains length and width data members. From this class derive a class named Box having additional data members named depth. The function members of the base Rectangle class should consist of a constructor and an area function. The derived Box class should have a constructor, a volume function, and an override function named area that returns the surface area of the box. Include the class constructed above in a working C++ program.Q. Create a class named Investment that holds data about initialAmount, currentValue, and profit. Investment class has member functions setData() to set the data for the initialAmount and currentValue. Profit is calculated and set as the difference of the above two variables and showData() to show the data of all the investment details. Create another class called House that contains data members for the street address of a House(address), square feet of the house(squareFeet), and number of bed rooms(numBedrooms). This class also has member functions setData() to set the data for the data members and showData() to display the data of house information.Derive a class named HouseAnInvestment from both Investment and House class. It has a constructor that takes the five arguments. In this constructor, address, squareFeet, and numBedrooms are passed to the House class setData() function and intialAmount, and currentValue are passed to the Investment class setData() function. Also, the derived class should have showHouse() function that employs its own specialized code and uses the existing, inherited showData() functions from the Investment and House classes. This function distinguishes between a good and bad investment by the presence of profit. Add a main() that declares objects of HouseAnInvestment class. One object is to show the investment is good and another is to show the investment is bad. Include the all the classes and functions in a C++ program.Typical OutputInvestment Data on HouseInvestment Current Value RM 15Investment Initial Value RM 150000Profit RM The house at 4 BANDAR DAMANSARA has bedrooms and 000 square feet of living area.This house was a good investment.Investment Current Value RM 1500Investment Initial Value RM 10000Profit RM -500 (Loss)The house at 4 Jalan Gombak has bedrooms and 100 square feet of living area.This house was a bad investment.

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To close to the bone

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trend and cleanly argues how the popular "new religion" has caused an unhealthy sacrifice of femininity that could possibly threaten the future study of America's history and the opinions formed about this culture.Several uncertainties remain regarding the somewhat merited interpretations of our new slenderness craze. Our society has transformed the non-fat diet into a "new religion." Observations of historical art confirm that men and women strive for a body "close[r] to the bone" than ever before. On the contrary, slenderness has been admired in history on several occasions; in the 15th century thin women corresponded with the gothic cathedrals and their scaling heights. Although such cultures modeled long and thin women, they showed no signs of desiring boniness. The women kept nice curves and were fully busted. Throughout most of the 0th century, the desired weight for women was entirely contradictory to today's new definition of beauty. A person's emotional stability was measured by the amount of fat she had on her body. Near 1850s, Catherine Beecher wrote of how weight was measured and concluded that a person's own opinion of her weight determined whether or not she was too light or too heavy. The moment thinness came into fashion, old values with numbered scales were replaced with a much lighter standard weight. Eventually, in the post-WWII era, the insurance companies were finally convinced that Americans were unhealthy and need to drop the pounds. Over time, weight-loss plans proved to prolong life and soon thereafter, fitness programs became popular. Americans that were classified as normal weight were now considered corpulent. But a lighter weight doesn't always ensure a healthier or more fit person. Forcing sizes and shapes on a person only results in psychological and physiological problems. The new phobia of food has persuaded society that its no longer a basic necessity for healthy living and replaced it with the notion that food is deadly and must be avoided.

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In many ways, the Victorian sentiment toward sex can be closely correlated to the modern attitude toward food. People, especially women, battle with the issue of weight for several reasons. A man's body is naturally closer to the desired "fit" body type than a woman's body because she develops more fat in the unwanted areas such as the armpits, thighs, and stomach. In addition, a female's standard for looking good is far more extreme than the man's. In fact, 0-5% of all females are not satisfied with their current weight. Women have also made the weight issue a moral demand in today's society. Furthermore, men have kept several masculine habits that have allowed less structured standards in fashion; public burping, scratching, and spitting are commonly practiced by men. Women have sacrificed femininity in order to meet social expectations where men have refused to do so.A woman's social and economical standing is still in many ways measured by her outward appearance. As a result, fashion plays a dominating role in the woman's world by setting the size, shape, and color that a woman is expected to fit. By accepting the standards set by fashion, society is conforming to its interpretations of beauty, style, and importance. Revealing the new "bony" body has consumed today's fashion world. It focuses on revealing women's bottoms and tops by showcasing mini-skirts and tight, skimpy shirts. Instead of criticizing the trend for a no-fat body, health leaders advocated it. The wide acceptance and compliance of society and its authorities only catalyzed the problem and caused it to reach extremes. Now, women believe that they can and must have perfect bodies. Seid fears that when our culture is later studied, historians might assume that society praised the degradation of flesh. They could argue that our desire to be thin resulted from the issue of overpopulation assuming it was an attempt to fit people on Earth by making each person skinnier. In addition, they might imply that our culture had completely stripped women of their beauty. The new idea of a lean body would most likely petrify even present-day anthropologists with the colorless and emaciated that is flesh revealed. The fashioned body looks stripped of all healthy and sexual characteristics that used to be highly valued. It would be appalling for women not to take a stand and revolt against the new standard that fashion has placed on them; not by omitting the existence of fashion and beauty but by disassembling the new desire of boniness that is degrading women as a whole. Socially controlled eating restrictions simply satisfy oneself and one's culture and therefore are unacceptable. However, sacrifices made for a religion satisfies a higher deity and thus, should be allowed.The new desire to satisfy fashion and thinness robs women of normal, healthy and happy lives. People should neglect the "new religion" of a no-fat obsession and replace it with the old ideas of self-value, self-improvement, and a healthy lifestyle. Please note that this sample paper on to close to the bone is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on to close to the bone, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on to close to the bone will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Heroin Research paper

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History of Heroin

Heroin is named after the German word for hero, heroisch. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance known on the streets as black tar heroin. Although purer heroin is becoming more common, most street heroin is cut with other drugs or with substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. Street heroin can also be cut with strychnine or other poisons. Because heroin abusers do not know the actual strength of the drug or its true contents, they are at risk of overdose or death. Heroin also poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from sharing needles or other injection equipment.

A new wonder drug was developed in 1810, this new wonder drug, morphine, (also an opium derivative), was eliminating severe pain associated with medical operations or traumatic injuries. It left the user in a completely numb euphoric dream state, and was named after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, by F.W.A. Serturner, a German pharmacist. By the mid 1850's morphine was available in the U.S., and was pretty popular with the medical profession. The benefits of using the drug to treat severe pain were considered almost miraculous by the doctors of the time.

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The addictive properties of the drug went virtually unnoticed until after the civil war. During the civil war the number of people that were treated for their war injuries sky rocketed and tens of thousands of confederate and northern soldiers became morphine addicts. The United States was plagued with a major morphine epidemic in just over 10 years time. Although no actual statistics were kept on addiction, the problem had grown to large enough proportions that it raised serious concerns from the medical profession. Doctors had no idea how to treat this new epidemic.The answer to this increasing problem was thought to have been found in the invention of a new drug in Germany. The new wonder drug was called HEROIN, after its German trademarked name. It was imported into the United States shortly thereafter. The instant market to the American doctors and their morphine-addicted patients was that Heroin was a safe, non addictive substitute for morphine. It was sold in drug stores and was as common as asprin.Why People Start Using HeroinThere are many reasons why someone may begin using heroin. They may do it to be "in on something." A person gets high to "be like my friends." (For many, this can be an important reason for taking drugs.) Also, they do it to numb the physical or mental sufferings of life. In addition, to emulate role models. Celebrities admit to using heroin. Popular magazines try to make drug use seem "fashionable." Drugs offer a "solution" to the feeling of many adolescents that they have "no future." Young people are duped into believing lies about heroin, such as that it increases creativity, rids a person of problems and gives meaning to life. Experimenting with heroin offers the thrill and excitement of taking a risk. Short Term Effects of HeroinSoon after injection (or inhalation), heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, heroin is converted to morphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors. Abusers typically report feeling a surge of pleasurable sensation, a rush. The intensity of the rush is a function of how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is particularly addictive because it enters the brain so rapidly. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itching.After the initial effects, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours. Mental function is clouded by heroins effect on the central nervous system. Cardiac functions slow. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug cannot be accurately known.Long Term EffectsOne of the most detrimental long-term effects of heroin is addiction itself. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence, which are also powerful motivating factors for compulsive use and abuse. As with abusers of any addictive drug, heroin abusers gradually spend more and more time and energy obtaining and using the drug. Once they are addicted, the heroin abusers primary purpose in life becomes seeking and using drugs. The drugs literally change their brains. Physical dependence develops with higher doses of the drug. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly. Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken. Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (cold turkey), and leg movements. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 4 and 48 hours after the last dose of heroin and subside after about a week. However, some people have shown persistent withdrawal signs for many months. Heroin withdrawal is never fatal to otherwise healthy adults, but it can cause death to the fetus of a pregnant addict. At some point during continuous heroin use, a person can become addicted to the drug. Sometimes addicted individuals will endure many of the withdrawal symptoms to reduce their tolerance for the drug so that they can again experience the rush. Physical dependence and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms were once believed to be the key features of heroin addiction. We now know this may not be the case entirely, since craving and relapse can occur weeks and months after withdrawal symptoms are long gone. We also know that patients with chronic pain who need opiates to function (sometimes over extended periods) have few if any problems leaving opiates after their pain is resolved by other means. This may be because the patient in pain is simply seeking relief of pain and not the rush sought by the addict. Solutions to the Problem

In my opinion, in order to stop someone from using heroin in the first place, education about the drug must begin at an early age. Many students hear about the drugs but are not well informed as to what they do or why people may do them. If they were more educated on their actual physical effects, rather than just being told that it is "bad", they may be less likely to try it. Also, making kids and teens aware that they have many resources to help them when presented with problems like drug addiction and peer pressure is extremely important. They must know that they have parents, friends, family, teachers, counselors, and many other people to talk to. They should also know that they can research drugs on their own time using books and internet to learn more about these drugs.

In order to completely wipe out the use of drugs by all people, society must first rid itself of the drugs. This could be done by focusing more time, energy, and money on the war on drugs. Society must also discontinue the use of models who are extremely thin and have the "heroin chic" look, such as many of the Calvin Klein models. This promotes the use of drugs because then people begin to think that they are "cool." These are only some solutions to help stop someone from using the drug for the first time. Referenceshttp//www.drugabuse.com/drugs/heroin/http//www.heroin-effects.com/http//www.dare.com/How to Stop Time Heroin from a to Z . Contributors Ann Marlowe - author. Publisher Basic Books. Place of Publication New York. Publication Year 1.Please note that this sample paper on Heroin Research paper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Heroin Research paper, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Heroin Research paper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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I remember the second of August 00 like it was yesterday when my nightmare started, an now there is a hole in my heart which will remain there till the day I die.

The day was bright and warm on the morning of august the second, but there was a strange feeling in the air, which caused a chill down my spin. The air smelt like fresh bread straight from the oven.

As I walked down the stairs still in my p.js, the burning carpet warmed by the sun felt like fire warming the soles of my feet. Mum had left the toast out with the butter left beside it. I could still feel the heat coming off the crust on to my tired restless face.

I dragged my feet through the living room still with the burning sensation in my feet; I could see the blaring sun raise split the TV from its black and dull screen.

Then the ringing of the phone broke the deadly silence in the house. It was my best friend Risha asking weather I was up for the fair. I quickly said yes, dropped the receiver and ran up the stairs and jumped in to the bath.

I relaxed in the luke warm water, with the soft fluffy bubbles lying on my pale brown skin, like icing on a cake. The atmosphere around me was quite with only the bird's cherpsing outside the window and the ripples of the water as I moved my hands and feet. Soon everything went black... When I heard a thud on the bathroom door and someone asking me weather "I was aright".

At this point I opened my eyes to the beat when I realized I had fallen a sleep for a good hour or two. I shouted

"Yes im fine"

and sprawled out the bathtub.

My skin had gone wrinkly from the warm water. I raped my self in a blue soft towel and pulled the plug. The water rushed down the plughole like a tornado, leaving the white fluffy bubbles behind.

I unlocked the door and my body shivered from the cold air which hit me like a shock of lightning as I walked in my wide light blue room. I quickly put my jeans on and my baby blue top and rushed halfway down the stairs, when I heard a buzzing sound coming from outside. I walked down quickly and opened the front door to see my dad moving the lawn.

The air no longer smelt of fresh bread but more like a flowery mixed in with a grassy smell. I said

"Hello"

and walked back into the living room, leaving the front door wide open. I switched on the TV and flicked the channels vigorously, when I saw Risha's mum pull up into my driveway bleeping her horn so hard I could feel the whole house shake.

I grabbed my phone put my shoes on, I dint even bother to tie my laces, said bye to my dad, who had now finished the lawn and was planting some flowers which him and my mum had bought the previous day.

I climbed in to the red ford fiesta and sat in the back seat watching Rishas mum put the gear stick in to reverse, I waved to my dad and then the car spead out my calm, cosy street and on to the loud, busy many road.

We soon got to the fair; we bounced out of the car and into the park. The park was not crowed and there werent many rides, so we walked side by side round the whole park and sat on the steps of the walsers listening to the up beat music that the man had put on to liven up the surroundings of his business.

Somebody shouted

"Oi"

I twirled my body round, to see a tall, skinny boy standing in front of me, I soon realized it was one of my long lost friend that I hadnt seen for years on end. I picked myself up and ran as fast as my legs would go and jumped into his arm, hugging him so tight his face went red like a plump tomato. We stood talking for a few minuets, and then he gave me a peck on the cheek, and said he would give me a call whenever he was in Rushey mead.

I span around to an empty funfair, but it struck me, where was Risha? Where had she gone? Had she been kidnapped? Was she adopted by aliens? Where was she? Where? Where? Where? So many questions so little time. I walked quickly round the park trying to spot her, but nothing. My legs felt weak like jelly and all I could see was empty green areas, but no Risha.

Then my phone rang, I jumped in shock, I picked it up to hear my mum talking really quickly, I couldnt hear a word, her voice was dull and as if someone was holding her throat, Then I heard it, heard it loud and clear. My dad had been taken to hospital. My eyes watered like a flowing waterfall, I ran outside the park and cross the road to the bus stop still on the phone to my mum, I felt frustrated and as if someone had shot me in the heart. My battery died. I shouted for help but know one could hear me.

At this point I had forgot all about Risha. My mind had gone blank, even the clouds in the sky had turned black and dull. I tried ever so hard to stand patiently for the bus to take me home, but all I felt was numb and weak.

I heard a horn it was my older brother with the rest of my family apart from my mum who had gone in the ambulance with my dad. I ran not even watching the road and planked my bum into the back seat of the car and slammed the door. My sister hugged me tightly and held my hand through out the whole journey. I tried to speak but nothing would come out. My eyes burned, my cheeks were wet and my body temperature was high.

We got to the entrance of the hospital; we parked the car and got out. I stumbled holding the back of my legs for the pain to stop. The nurse guided us to the waiting room. I felt angry and impatient. As I sat on the red sofa I watched the clock go round and round in the dark, dismal room. My tears had stopped. I sat there thinking clenching on to the cushion which was beside me. My mind filled with emotions and lots of questions that I could not find the answers too. I pinched my self to awaken me from this dream, but I had proved my self-wrong, I was living in reality.

My mum walked in crying and said "He's gone". Once again my mind went blank and tears ran down my soft tender face, my mum grabbed me and held me tight, I wanted to run, wanted to hide, wanted this nightmare to stop.

The doctor came in and told us he was sorry, I shouted in disbelief pointing the finger at him blaming him for taking my dad away from me, I swore at him, my face turned angry, I didnt what I felt, angry or sad, I felt a variety of emotions which took me over.

The nurse guided us in to the room where my dad had been left to rest, I went in, the room was dark with only a one bright lamp shade that had been switched on, and lots of people who I didnt even know crying their eyes out.

I tiptoed over to my dad bedside. I tried to shake him, wanting him to wake up and hold me in his hands telling me everything was fine. I cried out loudly feeling as if I was going crazy. My body felt weak and I felt faint.

The doctor dragged me away and put me in this enclosed room with only a bed, he asked me to take this pink liquid which would make me feel dousey. I took it in one big gulp and rested my head on the pillow. My head spined and the room smelt of detox. I feel asleep with teardrops on my pillow.

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In Regards to Determinism A Problem and a Solution

There is a problem surrounding the issue of free will and determinism. The problem is if you reject hard determinism on the grounds that it is incompatible with free moral choice, then you are still stuck with explaining how responsible moral choices are made. Contemporary philosophers have advanced a number of theories that attempt to deal with this issue, and many of them in my opinion are insufficient to advocate the theory of free moral choice. In this essay I will advocate a particular theory, known as the Agent Causation Theory, which I believe to be the most effective at explaining the phenomenon of free will. First, I will explain why I find other widely accepted theories unacceptable.

The doctrine of Hard Determinism holds that every action has pre-existing causes which determine the exact outcome of an event. In fact, the entire physical world is an intricate chain of cause and effect relationships. Each cause has an effect (event), which in turn becomes a cause for another event or events in the series of chains. Let me illustrate this with an example. If a tree falls in a forest surely you would not say that the tree fell for no reason (or cause). You would conclude that for whatever reason, the tree was caused to fall. It would not make sense to reason that the tree fell without a cause. It could be from a lumberjack chopping the trunk, or it could have a weak root system and be blown over in a wind storm. In any case, it was caused to fall. Determinism holds this principal of cause and effect to everything in the physical world. This means that since your actions are a part of the physical world, and according to modern science they are initiated by your brain, which is also a part of the physical world, they are determined.

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It seems if we accept the principals of modern science, we must also accept the principal of hard determinism. All our actions are all determined. Therefore, we do not have free will. However, there are many good reasons to conclude that hard determinism is false. If hard determinism is true, it stands to reason that nobody can ever act otherwise than they do. If this is the case, then nobody deserves praise or blame for any of their actions, and therefore no one has moral responsibility. Since moral responsibility is true, determinism must be false. Another strong argument against determinism was outlined by philosopher named Peter Van Inwagen. This is known as the Deliberation Argument. Van Inwagen explains this theory by using an example of a room with two solid steel doors. Suppose that you know one of the doors is welded shut, but you don't know which one. Now try to imagine deliberating over which door you will use to exit the room. The point is that it makes no sense to deliberate over which door to exit by if you know there is only one possible way to exit. If determinism holds true than in every situation in which you are deliberating over which choice to make, you can actually only make one choice, the one you choose. It therefore makes no sense to deliberate, since you will end up making only one choice no matter what. Van Inwagen states that "you cannot rationally deliberate unless you at least believe that more that one course of action is open to you." In other words, you cannot rationally deliberate unless you believe you have a choice. Taking these arguments into account it seems to me that hard determinism is not a reasonable doctrine to accept.

Similar to hard determinism is the doctrine of soft determinism which is supported by the majority of contemporary philosophers. Soft determinists believe that the principal of determinism (cause and effect) is true, and yet they also believe in free will. This asserts that free will and determinism are compatible in one doctrine, hence soft determinism is also known as "compatibilism". Where the hard determinist holds that a choice is caused by a long chain of causes stemming from before the individuals birth, the soft determinist holds that the cause of a choice is more immediate and comes from within the individual. This immediate cause comes from the individuals "inner mental states" or "volition". In shorter terms, a free action proceeds from or is caused by the individual's desires and beliefs. The actions of an individual are determined not by a long chain of causes, but by the more immediate source of whatever that individual's own desires and beliefs may be.

Soft determinism purports to show how an individual can accept the principal of determinism while also holding that they have free will. While this is accepted by many, I find a fundamental problem which leads me to believe that soft determinism is in fact false. Soft determinism holds that each action or choice is caused (or determined) by the individual's desires and beliefs. Soft determinism accepts that principal of determinism that every event in the universe is caused by a preexisting cause, which was in turn caused, and so on. It seems then that each of my desires and beliefs then, were also caused by prior causes. This means that billions of years before I was born, a sequence of events was happening that would eventually and inevitably determine exactly what my desires and beliefs would be. So, if I act on my desires and beliefs and to eat a banana, it follows that I did not really chose to eat the banana of my own free will. Because my desire to eat the banana was predetermined, it was not within my power to have acted any other way, but to eat the banana. If I can never do otherwise than what I do, my actions are not genuinely free. It seems that soft determinism runs into the same problem that hard determinism faces, and implies that an individual's actions cannot be both free and determined.

There is another theory that attempts to explain free will without the principal of determinism. The theory is known as the "no cause" theory, and is as follows. Every free human action is traced back to an uncaused event which takes place in the brain. An uncaused event occurs in your brain, fires your neurons and causes you to act in some way. It must be emphasized that the event in the brain is uncaused. Nothing brings it about or has any determining effect on it. It can be said that the action merely happens "out of the blue". This theory frees us of determinism, and holds that although some events have causes, not all events are caused. Since this theory does not imply determinism it is an indeterminist theory.

The "no cause" theory is lacking in much more obvious ways than the deterministic theories. The problem with the "no cause" theory lies blatantly on the face of the argument. The main premise of the theory is that some actions can occur without any cause(s). However, the argument fails to explain how this random generation of an event can occur. It merely states that it does not require a cause. Why not? How does an action occur "out of the blue"? The no cause theory fails to explain any sort of mechanism or thesis for how an uncaused action occurs. Since the theory leaves this vital information untouched, it must clearly be discarded as an invalid argument for the hypothesis of free will.

At last we come to another theory of indeterminism that attempts to explain the phenomena of free will. This theory, however, unlike the no cause theory, explains how an action can occur without being influenced by chains of cause and effect. The "agent causation" theory can be traced back to the philosophy of Aristotle, but was first systematically stated by the modern philosopher Roderick Chisholm. The agent causation theory holds that choices are not determined by the physical force of cause and effect, but are still caused. Instead of the physical chain of cause and effect, each choice is caused by a "first event" which takes place within the individual. This first event is known as event "E". Event E was not caused or determined by any prior event. In addition, event E was not caused by nothing, it was brought about by the individual or "agent". It should also be noted that the agent was not caused to cause event E. There were no outside causes that caused the agent to bring about E.

So far this still does not explain how event E was caused. It didn't just happen out of the blue, and it wasn't determined. Many agent causation theorists explain this by using the theory of the originator, which I will attempt to do in the remainder of the essay. At this point we are left without knowing the cause of event E. In other words, what originates event E? It is my belief that the originator of E is an immaterial soul which each individual possesses. According to this theory, each of us has an immaterial soul which gives us the power of free will. Since a soul is immaterial, it is not determined by the cause and effect sway of the physical world. This enables us to go outside of the pre-existing cause and effect chain and start a new chain with event E. On this view, free will is a power possessed by the soul.

The originator agent causation theory is also known as the "soul theory", in reference to the ability of the soul to give free will. To illustrate this theory, suppose that Jim freely makes a decision and performs and action. We can conclude that the cause of Jim's action is not the physical world, but Jim himself, for Jim is the agent performing the action. The soul theory states that in each case in which we perform a free action the "self" is the cause of the action, nothing else. This theory offers an explanation that explains how each of our choices can be free and how we are the causes of our own actions.

Once it has been determined that our actions are indeed free, and not caused by previous events, one come to accept morality and the idea of responsible moral choices. As stated earlier, if determinism is true than we cannot act otherwise, which implies that no one deserves praise of blame. There is therefore no such thing as morality and moral choices. According to the agent causation theory and the soul theory, each individual is the cause of his own actions, the actions are therefore free. If your actions are indeed free and not determined by outside forces, you can be held responsible for each or your actions. This means that praise and blame can be distributed, and morality is a valid principal or set of principals. Morality and free will being valid, it follows that we are capable of making responsible moral choices which are not determined by outside forces. We are the originators of our actions, which holds us responsible to our actions and obligates us to make responsible moral choices.

Throughout my studies I have encountered many arguments about determinism and indeterminism which have all compelled me to come to the conclusion that I have outlined in this essay. It seems that without accepting the agent causation theory one cannot make sense of morality and free moral choice. Determinism has clearly proved to be insufficient to explain moral decisions, for if determinism is accepted morality cannot follow. On the other side of the spectrum, the indeterminist doctrine of the no cause theory cannot be true, because while it eliminates determinism, it does not deal with the mechanism which originates the free choice. The only acceptable way to make sense of morality is to accept that there is some immaterial mechanism which gives us the ability to act freely. While I do accept agent causation and the soul theory, I also recognize that it is not a definitive conclusion. But, in moral philosophy there are no definitive answers, only the most logical and probable.

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