Humor

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Kathleen WildfeuerWldfrM@aol.com Philosophy 1000//0

Cheap University Papers on humor

Humor, its not only funny

My favorite reading I did for philosophy class was "Man's Search for Meaning" by Viktor Frankl.I had studied World War II and the Holocaust in history class in high school. I knew about the gas chamber's and all the other cruelty inflicted on the Jews at the hands of the Nazi Party. What I never thought about was the state of mind you would have to possess to have the will to live. Frankl not only wrote about the horrors , but the thoughts and theories he had while a prisoner in a death camp.While reading about his horrible experiences, I was amazed when he wrote about humor, " the soul'sweapon in the fight for self preservation." I was picturing myself in Frankl's place cold , hungry anddirty, dressed in rags. Being awoken from a wooden bunk to march over the frozen ground to perform slave labor. "How could I ?" I thought . " A person with an outrageous sense of humor , find anythingfunny in this situation?" I thought back to when I was young and in Girl Scouts. I was camping with my troop at Gettysburg to earn a merit badge. The badge was normally only awarded to Boy Scouts , butwe were given the chance. It was early spring and the weather was cold and damp . Part of earning the badge involved a long hike through the battlefield . Eager to fulfill this requirement we started off in good spirits . We got half way through the hike and it began to pour down rain. We were cold , tired andmiserable . Our Troop leader told us to stop complaining about our predicament and focus on the prestigious badge we were trying to earn. Miles to go to reach shelter ,there was nothing we could do butcontinue . Somehow we got the idea if we thought of warm , comfortable things we all would feel better."The beach, someone said out loud. Florida , palm trees and sand" . " What if we where there right now ? said Another" . We started to crack jokes . Oh yeah it's so hot I can't stand it ! I forgot my bathing suit ! Laughing and joking the rest of the way we forgot about our misery. Before we knew it we where back at our completely drenched campsite, but continued to keep the "joke" going all weekend . When we did receive that Gettysburg badge we remembered that trip as one of the best times of our lives.Although the conditions of my experience doesn't begin to compare to Frankl's in a concentration camp ,I can understand why Frankl felt keeping ones sense of humor is important. I have always gravitated towards humor when faced with difficult situations in my life . I try to look at these situations as funnyinstead of depressing . Once I see the humor , I view my problems as a great story to tell one day. If you ever watch your favorite sitcom on TV, most of what happens to the characters is usually some pretty rotten stuff. They argue with their spouses , their kids get in trouble ,they lose their jobs ,etc. All the difficulties that bring us down in everyday life also happens to them . The only difference is that the writers and actors of these sitcoms work to make these situations funny . We can relate to these sitcoms and we laugh . We should learn to laugh at ourselves the same way when faced with our own problems. I discussed humor one night with a psychologist friend of mine , Linda Tufts . Linda told me that people who learn to laugh at themselves don't spend a lot of time worrying about what might happen to them because they know they will find humor in almost anything. Nothing can be so terrible that that they can't crack a joke . They usually start their stories with " the funny thing is , although I shouldn't be laughing…" Linda also told me she was taught that the events of our lives , even the most devastating hardships , don't have as much influence on our mental health than does the way we respond to them.I have read research done by Emily Bradshaw and Donna E. Haupt in " The Good Health Fact Book"in which they state, " Laughter helps people breath easier , massages the heart and other vital organs ,releases disease - fighting cells in the immune system, and like exercise, laughter quickens the pulse and stimulates the cardiovascular system."They also point out "Humor leads to a positive outlook on life that guards against illness and may increase longevity." They also say , scientists had studied optimistic people against their pessimist counterparts.They not only found a connection between pessimism and depression , but consider it a factor fordisease just like high blood pressure and smoking. Pessimists , they state , are more likely to develop physical illness when stressed , often taking longer to recover after surgery than the optimistic. Although I was born with a wild sense of humor , people are surprised to know that I also suffer fromdepression. Through therapy I have learned to overcome my depression by taking the time to do the activities I like to do. It is one of the reasons I am taking this class . I have learned once I am happy doing my favorite activities , it is easier for me to look at the bright side of life . I look at people more positively and recall events more favorably when I take the time for myself. I was advised by my therapistthat the positive aspects I have found in doing my favorite activities helps to develop my self- esteemwhich nurtures joy in my life. She told me resolutions of inner conflicts clears the way for happy feelings. Frankl wrote about that he practically trained a friend of his in the camp to develop a sense of humor. Then he suggested to him to promise to invent one amusing story a day. I will think of those wordsViktor Frankl wrote and how humor among other things helped him survive in the death camp. I will try to invent one amusing story to share at the dinner table with my family . I will also make the suggestion tomy friends. My son Brett showed me a project he did for his sixth grade class the other day. He had to list the qualities he likes in himself. He wrote that he was smart, that's true he's a A student. He wrote that he was was good in sports , also true. He is the pitcher for his Little League team and will play in the Hall of Fame this summer. What made me the most proud of him is he wrote " I am funny". I said , Brett are you funny in school? He said ,"yes , I tell good jokes . Everybody wants to sit with me at the lunch table". I am proud of my son's sense of humor because he has the and knowledge and talent to be successful in his life . I also know he has a great sense of humor that will provide him with joy and happiness in his troubled times as much as in his success..

Please note that this sample paper on humor is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on humor, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on humor will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Brazil's current conditions

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Brazils Current Conditions

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

. Current Conditions

GDP

Unemployment

Inflation

Exchange Rates

. Causes of Current Conditions

Debt

Stabilization and Reform

The Real Plan

4. The future

Projections

5. Conclusion

6. Bibliography

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Brazils current economic conditions using statistical data, economic theory, and implemented government policies. We intend to discuss the current condition of Brazils economy, the causes for its current condition and future projections.

In the early 180s, Brazil had an emerging economy that looked strong and promising. However, looks can be deceiving and they were, for Brazil has failed to become economically strong.

Under a military regime in the 160s, Brazil had a built-in Real depreciation effect. This allowed Brazil to control inflation successfully. However, the oil shocks of the 170s led to a debt crises, extreme inflation and stagnation. In the wake of the debt crisis, many attempts made to stop inflation have failed. Most of the plans introduced new money and higher bouts of inflation followed each of them.

The current plan called, the Real Plan is struggling to accomplish what the other plans have failed to dostop inflation. The Real Plan has, been a major success in decreasing inflation, and increasing economic activity. Although in 00 it failed to meet its targeted goals due to the confidence crisis and global risk aversion.

Current Conditions

GDP

Years GDP growth per capital Year GDP Annual Growth in %

165-7 5. 1 -0.

180- 0. 1 4.5

11-01 1.5 14 6.

000 .1 15 4.

001 0. 16 .5

001-05 1.6 17 .1

18 0.1

1 0.7

000 4.4

001 1.5

00 1.5

00 .8

Source International Monetary Fund

Unemployment

Year Unemployment Rate

1 5.68

1 5.1

14 5.06

15 4.66

16 5.4

17 5.66

18 7.60

1 6.0

000 7.0

001 6.0

00 7.10

Sources ILO. Panorama Laboral, IBGE/PME

Inflation

Years Inflation%

165-7 0.0

180- 4

1 114

1 48

14

15 .0

16 .1

17 4.

18 .5

1 8.4

000 7.0

001 6.8

00 8.4

00f 14.0

004f 5.5

Source International Monetary Fund

Exchange Rates

Year Exchange Rate

15 0.8440

16 0.71

17 1.040

18 1.117

1 1.0

000 1.810

001 1.410

00 .610

00 .00

All rates given for the month of Jan with US$ as the base

Source Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Causes of Current Conditions

Debt

Brazil was a major importer of oil when the oil shocks of the 170s took place. Domestic price increases for oil did not come at the same time as the external deficits caused by the higher prices. The lack of adjustment led Brazil to finance, using the debt market. After the first oil shock, Brazil might have had a chance to recover. However, when the second oil shock hit the damage became long term as Brazil went farther into debt. With full domestic indexation of wages and the exchange rate, oil price increases became wage increases. The wage increases turned into another and higher round of price inflation. This effect seen by using the wage-setting and price-setting curves, shows that the higher the markup, the lower the real wage will be, implied by price-setting. The graph below shows the lower price-setting line and the adjustment of the wage setting line.

P = Pe ( 1 + µ ) F ( 1 Y / L , z )

Using the AS/AD model, we can follow the order of events. The increase in the price of oil, the markup, will lead firms to increase their prices, leading to an increase in the price level, P, at any level of output, Y. This causes the aggregate supply curve to shift up. The aggregate demand curve may shift as a result. The higher price of oil may lead firms to change investment plans. The increase in the price of oil also redistributes income from oil buyers to oil producers. Some of these effects will shift the aggregate demand curve to the right and some will shift it to the left. To simplify our example we have made the effects cancel each other out, thus the aggregate demand curve does not move. The graph below shows the moves up of the AS curve and it shows how the AD curve will adjust so that it returns to its natural state.

Stabilization and Reform

Plan after plan has been implemented to stop inflation. Unfortunately, another round of increasingly worse inflation has followed each plan. Most of the plans introduced new money and all of the plans had a name Cruzado, Cruzado II, Plan Bresser, Summer Plan, Collor Plan, Collor II, and finally the Real Plan, which is currently in place.

The Real Plan

Of all plans attempted, the most successful economic stabilization program is known as the Real Plan.

The Real Plan was established to attain

1. "Deindexation" of the economy through the use of the URV

. A gradual approach to the monetary reform;

. Appreciation of the currency.

The main concern of the plan is to deal with Brazil's problem with high inflation. The Real Plan was put into use in 14. The plan was first to deal with factors causing a strong indexation, leading to ongoing inflation. The Real, was introduced as a new currency to discourage inflation. No use of price controls or price freezing, were needed The real plan used a combination of domestic, monetary anchors with external ones. The monetary anchors were influenced by higher interest rates and appreciated exchange rates.in conjunction with the Real Plan, which is in contrast with previous failed plans. A gradual depreciation of the currency was used to stimulate economic activity. At the launch of the real plan interest rates dropped to %! Interest rates have continued to stay below 10% since 16. This reduction of interest rates has expanded economic activity.

In 00 problems have occurred in the domestic financial market, public debt management, and a steep decrease in foreign credit flows. These problems are associated with the confidence crisis. This has negatively affected the inflation and the level of activity. The shock of the confidence crisis was felt much larger than expected by Brazil.

Graph Exchange rate depreciation and Inflation in 00(will have Ryan do)

To overcome this shock the goal of the monetary policy in 00 is to continue a path back to that of the previously given, Real Plan, but adjusting the targeted goals over a longer period of time..

To maintain this plan in the future, objectives for the Real Plan include inflation on a downward trend, long-term sustainable growth in output, investment, and employment and productivity, and a steady and substantial reduction of social imbalances.

The Future

Brady Bonds

To better Brazil's current and future debt Brady bonds are being used. Brady bonds are a system of dept relief by swapping old loans for new loans. The Brady Plan was introduced in 18 by Nicholas Brady. The plan consisted of asking banks to forgive part of their loans to debtor countries in return for limited guarantees of repayment. These would be financed by the World Bank and the IMF. To partake in this, debtors would be required to participate in policies favoring private investment. Brazil's Central Bank was involved in the Brady plan. In 001 they found $18. billion in outstanding bonds that would be eligible for the swap. These new loans would mature in 04.

IMF

In 18 Brazil was handed $41.5 billion as a life-preserver. They failed to use this money to the best of their advantage causing a confidence crisis. In August 00, Brazil was given $0 billion from the IMF to get them back on their feet and improve confidence in the markets. This is the last of the money the IMF said they would give Brazil until they can take control and stabilize themselves. To exercise future use of the IMF stabilization needs to occur in the areas of inconsistent currency management, accounting and reserve management, and poor debt management.

Projections

Conclusion

Bibliography

Please note that this sample paper on Brazil's current conditions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Brazil's current conditions, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Brazil's current conditions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hamlet and the Human Psyche

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hamlet and the Human Psyche. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hamlet and the Human Psyche paper right on time.

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Shakespeare's Hamlet can be seen as an exploration of the human psyche in the consequences our actions have when acted on out of impulse and emotion rather than careful deliberation. Hamlet the character makes most of his decisions on the spot but has trouble deciding one way or another after thorough consideration. Many of the decisions he does make have implications that result in dire consequences for him and other characters in the play.

The character Hamlet's actions are driven by his emotion, but usually thinks rationally, before making decisions on how to act. Throughout the play, we see Hamlet faced with unimaginable stress and decisions to make but is able to think pragmatically and follow his conscience. He debates how he can do the right thing, yet avenge the terrors inflicted on his father. However, it is when Hamlet acts spontaneously that his decisions and actions seem reckless and negligent.

Many critics through the years have debated about Hamlet's emotions none more so than T. S. Eliot. In his essay, Hamlet and His Problems he argued that Shakespeare was unable to express the feelings Hamlet felt because Shakespeare himself did not understand them. Eliot believes Shakespeare did not use ‘objective correlative' which is a series of events or objects that rouse a specific emotion of a character. According to Eliot, the play is interpreted emotionally in different ways because Shakespeare did not know how to properly express the emotion of Hamlet. This however, neglects the fact that Hamlet acts mainly out of emotion and passion.

Hamlet's emotions throughout the play are often difficult to determine. During his soliloquies, the audience is somewhat informed of Hamlet's inner struggles and problems yet some of his actions seem rather contrasted to what he has been saying in his soliloquies. Hamlet is dominantly seen as being very melancholy since learning about his father's death, greatly troubled by the incestuous behaviour of his mother and enraged at the gall of his uncle.

Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Hamlet and the Human Psyche

However, as the play progresses, Hamlet tells Horatio and the audience that he is feigning madness and this line between acting mad and being genuinely insane is somewhat indistinct. This makes it difficult for the audience to effectively decipher the true feelings of the protagonist as we are unsure of Hamlet's madness and the fact he tries to hide his true emotion through this supposed madness.

Eliot in his critical essay, Hamlet and hid Problems, believes Hamlet's madness is rather a "form of emotional relief" which Shakespeare "cannot express in art." Eliot believes the madness of Hamlet is not a way in which Hamlet is able investigate the truth to the murder of his father and the revenge on his uncle but because there is no other way Shakespeare can express the desired effect of Hamlet's emotion. Through his soliloquies we hear of his dilemmas and the way he feels, not knowing what is ahead of him. His emotions are expressed as the reader is taken into the protagonist's mind in the soliloquies and the audience hears of his indecision and uncertainty

HAMLET "Yet I, A dull and muddy-mettled rascal, peak,Like John-a-dreams, unpregnant of my cause,And can say nothing; no, not for a king, Upon whose property and most dear lifeA damnd defeat was made. Am I a coward?"

This is part of Hamlet's second soliloquy and he makes mention of his inability to act on his father's wishes. He is "unpregnant of his cause," that is, unable to act quickly on his call. He later likens himself to a coward. This is all because Hamlet as a character can not be sure of the ghost's intentions and realises this as he goes through it in his mind.

In contrast to this, Hamlet is unable to altogether think logically when faced by the antagonist. Instead, his thoughts and actions are hasty and irrational. Here, Hamlet finds another reason to prolong his action, as he does not want to kill his uncle when his soul is cleanHAMLET And now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven;And so am I revenged. That would be scanndA villain kills my father; and for that,I, his sole son, do this same villain sendTo heaven.

Hamlet has surpassed the idea simply having to know the facts of the murder that took place, but now feels the need to know the metaphysical details too before he acts. This can be seen as Hamlet not really wanting to go through with the murder as it is against his better judgement yet feels he is obliged to act on his father's demand of wergild.

In the very next scene, however, we see Hamlet act differently to what the audience has seen him say and think by killing in hot-blood who he thinks to be the king. Here, he makes his decision in the heat of the moment without investigating or thinking what he is doing

HAMLET How now? A rat? Dead for a ducat, dead!…

Nay I know not. Is it the king?

Here, Hamlet makes a pivotal decision in the play. He believes that the person behind the arras is the king and acts immediately by killing Polonius. This is one of the first decisions Hamlet makes; one which has consequences that affect many of the characters in the play. The decision to kill whoever was behind the arras had no logical reasoning behind it. As a result of this Hamlet is pursued by the king, a friend of Polonius' and Laertes, his son.

This spontaneous decision brings about the chain of events that ultimately brings about the restoration of peace and order in the state of Denmark. The sudden death of Polonius provides a means for Claudius to get rid of Hamlet, through the battle between Laertes and Hamlet. Claudius tells Laertes about Hamlet's actions and pushes for a battle in which Laertes will be able to exact revenge for the killing of his father. The battle ends with not only Hamlet but Laertes, Claudius and Gertrude dead. Before dying, however, Hamlet passes on the kingship of the country to young Fortinbras, which means the country is reestablished without the corruption and immorality of the previous rulers.

HAMLET But I do prophesy the election lights On Fortinbras he has my dying voice; So tell him, with th'occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited. The rest is silence.

Hamlet knowing he is dying realises that Fortinbras is the one who will bring prosperity and morality back to the Danish people. Finally all corruption and debauchery have been eliminated from the Danish crown.

The only other major instance where Hamlet acted on impulse and emotion was near the beginning of the play where Hamlet first meets the ghost. We have the ghost appearing clad in full armour in the middle of the night. He is seen as a very foreboding figure and does not talk to anyone for the first three nights. On the fourth, Hamlet this time joining the group, is beckoned away by the ghost, and Hamlet obliges. As Horatio, the scholar points out this is potentially very dangerous situation

HORATIO What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,

Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff

That beetles o'er his base into the sea,

And there assume some other, horrible form,

Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason

And draw you into madness?

Horatio verifies the existence of a ghost, as he is an intelligent being. This also means that advice given is valid. Hamlet puts himself in grave jeopardy by following the ghost not knowing where it is from, whether it is his father or an equivocal demon from hell. His emotions of yearning for his father take over and Hamlet feels drawn to know what the ghost has to say.

Hamlet never knows for certain the truth about his father's death and only late in the play do the audience hear a confession for the regicidal murder. Nevertheless Hamlet follows the ghosts demand for wergild, exacting revenge on his father's killer.

Hamlet's emotion and motives have been questioned by many especially in the last century. T.S. Eliot believes Hamlet's is an "artistic failure" and his emotions were unable to be expressed, as Shakespeare himself did not completely understand them. However, it is through Hamlet's emotions that he is able to act, although, his actions often leave much to be desired.

Hamlet's true emotions are often difficult to interpret as he often tries to hide his genuine feelings especially through his supposedly fictitious madness. However, at times it is clear to see Hamlet as a young man who is troubled by recent events and his conscience. Through Shakespeare's use of soliloquies, the audience usually gets a clear insight into the psyche of Hamlet, but on some occasions, these sagacious thoughts are overcome by emotion and calenture. These emotional and impulsive decisions often result in dire consequences for all involved, and the ultimate price is paid by Hamlet and his corrupted family.

Please note that this sample paper on Hamlet and the Human Psyche is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlet and the Human Psyche, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Hamlet and the Human Psyche will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Hamlet and the Human Condition

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hamlet and the Human Condition. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hamlet and the Human Condition paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hamlet and the Human Condition, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hamlet and the Human Condition paper at affordable prices!

Shakespeare's Hamlet can be seen as an exploration of the human psyche and the human condition in the consequences our actions have when acted on out of impulse and emotion rather than careful deliberation. Hamlet the character makes most of his decisions on the spot but has trouble deciding one way or another after thorough consideration. Many of the decisions he does make have implications that result in dire consequences for him and other characters in the play.

The character Hamlet's actions are driven by his emotion, but usually thinks rationally, before making decisions on how to act. Throughout the play, we see Hamlet faced with unimaginable stress and decisions to make but is able to think pragmatically and follow his conscience. He debates how he can do the right thing, yet avenge the terrors inflicted on his father. However, it is when Hamlet acts spontaneously that his decisions and actions seem reckless and negligent.

Many critics through the years have debated about Hamlet's emotions none more so than T. S. Eliot. In his essay, Hamlet and His Problems he argued that Shakespeare was unable to express the feelings Hamlet felt because Shakespeare himself did not understand them. Eliot believes Shakespeare did not use ‘objective correlative' which is a series of events or objects that rouse a specific emotion of a character. According to Eliot, the play is interpreted emotionally in different ways because Shakespeare did not know how to properly express the emotion of Hamlet. This however, neglects the fact that Hamlet acts mainly out of emotion and passion.

Cheap University Papers on Hamlet and the Human Condition

Hamlet's emotions throughout the play are often difficult to determine. During his soliloquies, the audience is somewhat informed of Hamlet's inner struggles and problems yet some of his actions seem rather contrasted to what he has been saying in his soliloquies. Hamlet is dominantly seen as being very melancholy since learning about his father's death, greatly troubled by the incestuous behaviour of his mother and enraged at the gall of his uncle. However, as the play progresses, Hamlet tells Horatio and the audience that he is feigning madness and this line between acting mad and being genuinely insane is somewhat indistinct. This makes it difficult for the audience to effectively decipher the true feelings of the protagonist as we are unsure of Hamlet's madness and the fact he tries to hide his true emotion through this supposed madness.

Eliot in his critical essay, Hamlet and hid Problems, believes Hamlet's madness is rather a "form of emotional relief" which Shakespeare "cannot express in art." Eliot believes the madness of Hamlet is not a way in which Hamlet is able investigate the truth to the murder of his father and the revenge on his uncle but because there is no other way Shakespeare can express the desired effect of Hamlet's emotion. Through his soliloquies we hear of his dilemmas and the way he feels, not knowing what is ahead of him. His emotions are expressed as the reader is taken into the protagonist's mind in the soliloquies and the audience hears of his indecision and uncertainty

HAMLET "Yet I, A dull and muddy-mettled rascal, peak,Like John-a-dreams, unpregnant of my cause,And can say nothing; no, not for a king, Upon whose property and most dear lifeA damnd defeat was made. Am I a coward?"

This is part of Hamlet's second soliloquy and he makes mention of his inability to act on his father's wishes. He is "unpregnant of his cause," that is, unable to act quickly on his call. He later likens himself to a coward. This is all because Hamlet as a character can not be sure of the ghost's intentions and realises this as he goes through it in his mind.

In contrast to this, Hamlet is unable to altogether think logically when faced by the antagonist. Instead, his thoughts and actions are hasty and irrational. Here, Hamlet finds another reason to prolong his action, as he does not want to kill his uncle when his soul is cleanHAMLET And now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven;And so am I revenged. That would be scanndA villain kills my father; and for that,I, his sole son, do this same villain sendTo heaven.

Hamlet has surpassed the idea simply having to know the facts of the murder that took place, but now feels the need to know the metaphysical details too before he acts. This can be seen as Hamlet not really wanting to go through with the murder as it is against his better judgement yet feels he is obliged to act on his father's demand of wergild.

In the very next scene, however, we see Hamlet act differently to what the audience has seen him say and think by killing in hot-blood who he thinks to be the king. Here, he makes his decision in the heat of the moment without investigating or thinking what he is doing

HAMLET How now? A rat? Dead for a ducat, dead!…

Nay I know not. Is it the king?

Here, Hamlet makes a pivotal decision in the play. He believes that the person behind the arras is the king and acts immediately by killing Polonius. This is one of the first decisions Hamlet makes; one which has consequences that affect many of the characters in the play. The decision to kill whoever was behind the arras had no logical reasoning behind it. As a result of this Hamlet is pursued by the king, a friend of Polonius' and Laertes, his son.

This spontaneous decision brings about the chain of events that ultimately brings about the restoration of peace and order in the state of Denmark. The sudden death of Polonius provides a means for Claudius to get rid of Hamlet, through the battle between Laertes and Hamlet. Claudius tells Laertes about Hamlet's actions and pushes for a battle in which Laertes will be able to exact revenge for the killing of his father. The battle ends with not only Hamlet but Laertes, Claudius and Gertrude dead. Before dying, however, Hamlet passes on the kingship of the country to young Fortinbras, which means the country is reestablished without the corruption and immorality of the previous rulers.

HAMLET But I do prophesy the election lights On Fortinbras he has my dying voice; So tell him, with th'occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited. The rest is silence.

Hamlet knowing he is dying realises that Fortinbras is the one who will bring prosperity and morality back to the Danish people. Finally all corruption and debauchery have been eliminated from the Danish crown.

The only other major instance where Hamlet acted on impulse and emotion was near the beginning of the play where Hamlet first meets the ghost. We have the ghost appearing clad in full armour in the middle of the night. He is seen as a very foreboding figure and does not talk to anyone for the first three nights. On the fourth, Hamlet this time joining the group, is beckoned away by the ghost, and Hamlet obliges. As Horatio, the scholar points out this is potentially very dangerous situation

HORATIO What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,

Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff

That beetles o'er his base into the sea,

And there assume some other, horrible form,

Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason

And draw you into madness?

Horatio verifies the existence of a ghost, as he is an intelligent being. This also means that advice given is valid. Hamlet puts himself in grave jeopardy by following the ghost not knowing where it is from, whether it is his father or an equivocal demon from hell. His emotions of yearning for his father take over and Hamlet feels drawn to know what the ghost has to say.

Hamlet never knows for certain the truth about his father's death and only late in the play do the audience hear a confession for the regicidal murder. Nevertheless Hamlet follows the ghosts demand for wergild, exacting revenge on his father's killer.

Hamlet's emotion and motives have been questioned by many especially in the last century. T.S. Eliot believes Hamlet's is an "artistic failure" and his emotions were unable to be expressed, as Shakespeare himself did not completely understand them. However, it is through Hamlet's emotions that he is able to act, although, his actions often leave much to be desired.

Hamlet's true emotions are often difficult to interpret as he often tries to hide his genuine feelings especially through his supposedly fictitious madness. However, at times it is clear to see Hamlet as a young man who is troubled by recent events and his conscience. Through Shakespeare's use of soliloquies, the audience usually gets a clear insight into the psyche of Hamlet, but on some occasions, these sagacious thoughts are overcome by emotion and calenture. These emotional and impulsive decisions often result in dire consequences for all involved, and the ultimate price is paid by Hamlet and his corrupted family.

Please note that this sample paper on Hamlet and the Human Condition is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlet and the Human Condition, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Hamlet and the Human Condition will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Early Greek Algebra

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Early Greek Algebra, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Early Greek Algebra paper at affordable prices with custom writing service/a>! Overview The word algebra came from an Arabic _expression, al-jabr wa'l muqabala, which was the title of the first Arabic text on algebra. Al-Khwarizmi wrote the book in the ninth century A.D. According to Al-Khwarizmi, algebra was " the art of reducing and solving equations" (van der Waerden 70). From the very beginning of its introduction, algebra was influenced by geometry. For example, the Babylonians view unknown quantities as lengths and widths and their products as areas. The product of two same numbers was called square. Greek algebra was greatly influenced by the Babylonians because Pythagoras brought it from there. The Pythagoreans studied Babylonian's algebra and used the Babylonian's method for solving equations in Greek algebra. Euclid recorded Pythagorean's findings. Euclid's solutions to problems were similar to Babylonian's solution to similar problems. Euclid rewrote Babylonian's problems so that the problems do not include fractions or irrational numbers. Plato and Euclid did not use fractions or irrational numbers, only Eratosthenes, Diophantus, and Archimedies. There is evidence that the Pythagoreans discovered irrational numbers, but since they did not believe them, they pretended that they did not discover it. Greek algebra was an integration of geometry and algebra; it was referred to as geometric algebra. Early Greek algebra of the Pythagoreans and Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius was geometric because the Greeks had difficulties with irrational and even fractional numbers. Geometric algebra consists of "line segments, areas, and volumes [which] are strictly kept apart" (van der Waerden 74). The problems and solution in Greek geometric algebra was written in the rhetorical style, where every word is written out. In geometric algebra, the "fundamental relation between line segments or between areas is equality" (van der Waerden 76). There are three fundamental operations in this algebra the sum of two line segments, the sum of two polygons, and the product of two line segments.

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The first operation The sum of two line segments a and b is a line segment c, which can be divided into two parts a' and b' that are equal to a and b respectively. Modern notation a + b = c

The second operation The sum of two polygons A and B is a polygon C, which can be divided into two parts A' and B' that are equal to A and B.Modern notation A + B = C

The third operation The product of two line segments a and b is a rectangle R contained by two line segments a' and b' that are equal to a and b.Modern notation a x b = R

When finding the product of line segments of a and b, the line segments are not always perpendicular so they need to be replaced with line segments a' and b,' which is perpendicular and forms a rectangle. The rectangle is "an object of algebraic operations" (van der Waerden 77). Geometric Algebra Geometrical algebra is the area of mathematics that deals with geometric concepts and proofs in algebraic applications. Although Asia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt had the ideas of geometrical algebra, classical Greek mathematicians are normally credited with its development. The Greeks used this geometric algebra because they used a rhetorical style, which limited their ability to work out algebraic problems step by step. They would apply algebraic problems to geometric shapesthis technique also avoided the explanations of irrational numbers. The Greeks knew that the irrational numbers worked, but they did not believe in their existence. Therefore this method of geometric algebra was developed. When we geometrically solve a quadratic equation, we are doing geometrical algebra. Greeks did algebra on a geometric basis. 1For example Ö 1 The Greeks never solved algebraic equations in our symbolic style. They would work out several physical examples using geometry. With trial and error, the Greeks were able to show that their answers worked. The Greek period of Algebraic history runs up till the Romans conquered them around 400 ce.

Diophantus of Alexandria (Syncopated Style) Diophantus is a famous Greek mathematician, well known for his work in algebra. For several centuries, rhetorical algebra was the only algebra until Diophantus of Alexander pioneered syncopated algebra. He decided that rhetorical style was clumsy, so he started making abbreviations; and it was useful with powers up to the sixth and their reciprocals. Most people say it is not a whole lot better than the rhetorical style, but it gives a different perspective. Diophantus wrote a book called Arithmetica that tremendously influenced the number theory and algebra. The word arithmetic comes from the Greek word arithmetike, which is composed of the Greek word for number (arithmos) and for science (techne). The notation in Arithmetica helped move algebraic notation from rhetorical to syncopated, as well as influencing the evolution of some individual symbols. In Arithmetica "he gives an ingenious treatment of indeterminate equations usually two or more equations in several variables that have an infinite number of rational solutions" (NCTM, 40). His method is clever, however it lacks the development of a systematic method for finding general solutions. An example of Diophantus' syncopated algebra

or x + 8 x (5 x + 4) = 44 This is the syncopated style of writing equations. Syncopated style is where everything is abbreviated.

Rhetorical Algebra (Style) Rhetorical algebra can be traced back to both early Babylonian and Egyptian. This stage of algebra refers to the stage with when everything was written in words without the use of mathematical symbols. This type of algebra is also said to be a verbal or oral algebra since they wrote out everything they said. This was also known as prose algebra because of the written words. Since the people of this period were limited to writing material and their ability to write, most obtainable material were clay tablets. With the clay tablets they simply wrote out exactly what they said. One of the earliest books written in rhetorical or prose algebra included the following problem "ten and thing to be multiplied by thing less ten." If they had symbols as the symbols today the problem would be written as (x + 10) (x - 10) = x[sup]-100. Since, it is cumbersome to write out each step in words, rhetorical algebra ended as symbolic algebra evolved. Rhetorical algebra lasted until the 16th century when symbolic algebra became more renown. Difficulties are usually encountered in reading the problem in rhetorical algebra because of the non-existence of a standardized, efficient symbol. The rhetorical style used by the Greeks consisted of five simple steps state the problem give the data give the answer explain the solution check the answer

An Example 1. state the problemLength, width. I have multiplied length and width, thus obtaining area 5. I have added length and width . Required; length and width. . Give the data[Given] the sum; x+y = k5 the area. xy = P . Give the answer18 length, 14 width 4 Explain the solutionOne follows this methodTake half of [this gives 16] k/ 16x16= 56 (k/) 56-5= 4 (k/)-P= t The square root of 4 is (k/)-P= t 16+ =18 length (k/)+t = x 16- =14 width (k/)-t = y 5. check the answerMultiply 18 length by 14 width (k/ + t)(k/ t) 18x14= 5 area k/4-t= P = xy

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Se7en (Fictitious interview with David Fincher discussing conventions of the film)

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A Talk With David FincherGood morning DavidMorning Your latest work Se7eN has had mixed reviews at the box office. How do you answer to critics who say that the film is nothing more than a shower of insolence that incites violence?

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?Bad reviews have never phased me. Se7eN does contain controversial obtrusive material that is aimed to provoke reaction. There is something slightly off about everything. It?s like a beat that you don?t? dwell upon? but, when you make a collection of them it adds to something, as a total is disturbing because your never sure what is coming next or if it?s significant, or if it?s insignificant because throughout the film the clues and the search for the killer is intertwined with normal, common, everyday things. They?re laced with red herrings if you like. I feel that this is an important aspect of the genre as it?s main purpose is to entertain. I mean if you just pointed out the essentials, then that would give the game away. But if you lace the whole environment, the whole microcosm of the movie with these off beat red herrings, then your not sure where the next revelation is going to come from, and how that revelation will impact upon the plot.?Yes, you made that all so clear. As you mentioned, the content of Se7eN is highly violent and controversial which has confused many critics on the genre of the film with some categorising it as a crime fiction whilst others labelling it a horror flick. What category would you place the film in??Crime fiction. It is definitely a crime fiction film. I guess one could argue that it contains aspects of the horror genre and I did want it to be scary, but it definitely does not conform to the genre as a whole. I mean if we look at it in its entirety, we have two urban detectives investigating a trail of bloody and horrible murders trying to catch a dangerous, cunning villain who in the end lays the plot out for the viewer like an Agatha Christie novel; well sort of.?You feel that Se7eN is a crime fiction film. Is there any particular section of this genre that the film conforms too??In making Se7eN we were attempting to make a modern film noir. We actually went as far as getting Darius Condre (who formally worked on French perfume commercials with David) to do the cinematography? (with laughs) to get that whole French touch. Oh, and he was great too. I can remember on the gluttony scene we were having all sorts of trouble to get the lighting correct, so he suggested letting Brad (Pitt) and Morgan (Freeman) do all the lighting with their flashlights and pieces of reflective cardboard. It worked great, with half of their faces in light and half in darkness- it added a real ominous feel to the scene. You know something is brooding around the corner waiting to pounce upon the unsuspecting detectives? I love that sort of thing.?Are there any other aspects of Noir present in the film??Yeh, heaps. We wanted to make a colour film that was really a black and white feature. We actually did lower scale enhancement (resilvering) to make it look and feel as dark as possible. I just kept on thinking black; I want this thing black- kind of like the ambience present in Malice. We also tried to make the sets feel like they were straight out of a 140 film noir. Take the police station for example. Now we all know what police stations look like in classic film noirs and I did a lot of research into the history of New York City?s police stations. Anyway, we scouted for the location of the police station for what seemed like decades when we finally encountered the Pacific Gas and Electric Building in downtown L.A. We just looked at it and said this is it. It had very low ceilings with these wonderful drop fluorescent fixtures that gave us this fantastically pale light to work with. The building also looked out over sixth street which had a very New York feel to it and the whole place had a very wonderful patina of age and use which was just what we were looking for. All we had to do was make it police like and that involved putting up rooms, partitions- the old wooden glass partitions of the noir aesthetic- and jumbling the place up with old and new desks in our usual manner. It really did look as though Phillip Marlow actually worked there. It was great. Also, within the settings, I wanted to provide an image of a dark and certain world, a world that reflects the morale and social decay of society. To reflect this within the police station we shrewd paper work everywhere to make it seem that the police just weren?t coping with the crime rate. This feel of morale and social decay that is presented many times throughout the film hints to the viewer that they are not in for a happy ending, even if the villain is caught and brought to justice, next week there will be another one, and he will also be followed by another and so on. It?s awful I know, but I love it.?You?re a bad man David. What conventions of the genre did you attempt to push in the film??The detectives. We really tried to push the separate personalities of the two detectives Somerset (Freeman) and Mills (Pitt). I can remember, from the outset, that I really wanted these two personalities to clash; we didn?t want to place the film in that clichd ?buddy cop? sub genre typified by the Lethal Weapon series. We wanted two very different detectives to give two different perspectives on the murders. Somerset, a detective on the verge of retirement, follows the Sherlock Holmes sleuth hero path. He would rather place all the clues into position before making his move on the suspect. On the other hand we have the wisecracking detective Mills, a new recruit that follows the Phillip Marlow, hard-boiled hero path. I mean this guy just wants to get out on the street and start busting down doors in hope of finding the killer. He is pretty much the antithesis of Somerset- in his crime solving procedure at least. I love the way these two characters clash- it really adds a sort of tension to the film not to mention the two great views we get of the murders and the world around. It also makes for some great dialogue. Take this for exampleWilliam Somerset ?This guys methodical, exacting, and worst of all, patient.?David Mills ?Hes a nut-bag! Just because the fuckers got a library card doesnt make him Yoda!?(laughs) I love it, I really do. This feeling that conflict is even present in the police station, a place where it is supposed to be halted, really reinforces the decay of the society around them.Oh, and while we?re on conventions, I also wanted to reinforce the personal danger that became these detectives. I wanted the audience to always have the feeling that death could come to these detectives at any time; I feel it just really adds excitement to the film. This personal danger is personified in the chase scene. This scene is actually the first time the dicks encounter John Doe (the killer). I can remember that I wanted this scene to look chaotic and have kind of a rough cut to it, sort of documentary styled. (Laughs) I can remember Richard (Francis Bruce/Editor) having a dreadful time trying to work out how to cut this sequence. I just kept telling him I want it rough looking, keep it rough. Poor fellow, all he had to work with were these tacky looking handheld camera images mixed in with some very beautiful profiles of Brad and the not yet faced John Doe (Kevin Spacey). He did a great job though, he got just what I was after. I can remember at the start of the scene he did a double cut of Brad and Morgan ducking two bullets fired by John Doe; it really typified the danger of the situation, he has an amazing eye for these sort of things. He put these marvellous snippet cuts of Mills running in one direction, then cutting quickly to Doe running in the other. It made it feel as though Mills was going to meet Doe and get shot. Richard also used a lot of our jerky point of views which, if the viewer is quick, can just see the killer either ducking behind a corner or lining Mills up in the sight of his pistol. All this with Ren?s (Ren Clise/Sound Designer) climatical musical accompaniment of a romantic brass and string section, really heightens tension. We were really aiming to give at least one person per cinema a heart attack.?Well seeing that you just confessed to attempted murder, I think we?ll leave it there. Thanks for your time David.?It?s been a pleasure.?

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Mass transit and highways of NYC

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Mass transit and highways of NYC. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Mass transit and highways of NYC paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Mass transit and highways of NYC, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Mass transit and highways of NYC paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! New York City is considered the capital of the world. It is home to members of every ethnic origin, age, creed, and lifestyle. The buildings comprise a vast majority of architectural styles. The museums house artwork and artifacts from all the four corners of the globe. It is the Mecca of the millennium. One must wonder how did this place evolve from rustic tracts of land and mud streets to super highways outlining block after block of buildings. One man can be held responsible for the modern composition of the five boroughs and much of New York State for that matter. That man's name evokes terror and admiration in men to this day. His name was Robert Moses. His life and his work are the subject of the Pulitzer Prize winning novel by Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Caro explicitly expresses his recognition and moral repugnance for Moses' public and political projects. His viewpoint is succinctly stated in this title. The first and more pronounced point ‘The power broker' implicates Robert Moses as a good deal more than another urban planner. Moses is given the title of a Wall Street man, suave and calculating. The phrase portrays the persuasive and political nature of Moses' physical achievements and dynamic deals. The former half of the book focuses on how Moses mutated from an idealist to a myopic mastermind of manipulation. The steady upward climb of the stratified ladder to success, the struggles he encountered and the lessons he never forgot, indeed impacted New York just as much as Central Park and the West Side highway. The structures he created and destroyed coupled with the tactics he used to deploy them were manifestations of his formal education and his ‘baptism by fire' into the public service system. Educated at Yale, followed by Oxford Moses maintained a conservative elitist view of civil service. Although he demanded complete reform in his acclaimed thesis, he also proposed that only educated gentlemen be employed in the public arena and judged solely on the basis of merit. His career was off to a jumpstart at the training school for public service. A result of the reform movement taking the foreground of New York politics against the oppressive Tammany Hall, was the creation of the Bureau of Municipal Research. The chief aim was to reform the civil service and create a pure form of public service. Moses was recognized as "the man who understood civil service the best." At a time when there were relatively few experts on the subject he was the top of his field and fresh out of graduate school. His work enabled him to have a firsthand knowledge of political inefficiency, corruption, and legal loopholes. His effort to reform the civil service rating system and simplify the job market was met with strong silent opposition by the patronage favoring fat cat politicians of Tammany. These men taught him how to bury a public endeavor. They also taught him the inescapable necessity of powerful political support to accomplish goals of any size. "Power built highways and civil service systems. Power was what dreams needed, not power in the hands of the dreamer himself necessarily but power put behind the dreamer's dream by the man who had it to put there, power that he termed ‘executive support'."

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This realization took the precedence of Moses' noble idealism. No longer were truth, beauty, goodness and logic the omniscient gods of his sphere. Power became the absolute deity that he would need to worship in order to achieve his ambitious aspirations. The stages of Robert Moses the man coincide with the degrees of his political involvement. In college while he thought about public service, he was a dreamer of the highest rank. At the Bureau in the city he was a frustrated dreamer, the most dangerous kind. In Albany, working under the Governor's he compromised idealism for results and worked with the very men he had denounced as competent politicians. He learned the art of graft and lies of omission. There he harnessed the power of men like Al Smith to implement the policies he advocated and in a timely fashion. The gradual progression from dreamer to puppeteer would be complete upon his appointment as ‘City Construction Coordinator'. The power was now in the hands of the dreamer and not merely in his sight. The establishment of Title 1 in the post-war era gave the federal government a role equal to city hall's in the new conception of urban renewal. The demand for reformatting of the ever-expanding metropolis coupled with O'Dwyer's okay for Moses to draft his own powers created a center of control over New York City untouchable by any institution. The man who had once been dubbed the ‘best bill drafter in Albany' used his talents to slip in a clause,which would alter the face of public service powers for decades to come. ". . . ‘represent the city in its relations with cooperating state and federal agencies.' Moses used this phrase, so innocent in appearance, as authorization to deal, thereby making certain that it would be he and he alone who was presenting the city's position-or his representation of the position-to federal and state officials,. . . to be in other words the sole broker between the city and the governments on which the city was relying for desperately needed funds." Essentially Moses became the representative of the city for the federal government and the representative of the federal government for the city. This enabled him to twist facts and omit words in order to convey the response he desired for his proposed projects. Projects such as the major expressways of New York City running traffic to the suburbs and through the metropolitan area called for the eviction of a substantial portion of borough voters. Regardless of opposition from O'Dwyer and other members of The Board of Estimate, Moses created the Cross Bronx Expressway and left a void where there had once been neighborhoods of family businesses and corner culture. This was the single most debilitating act committed against the residents of the underclass residents of New York City by an official they had never elected. Conversely, this expressway enabled traffic to flow more smoothly and created simplicity between suburbs and the urban center. In utilitarian terms, the suffering of these ‘minority' group were a small price to pay for the long-term benefit to the transportation network of the future. The paralyzing nature of evicting residents from their homes during an apartment shortage created short-term devastation. The latter half of the title, ‘the fall of New York' applies to the detrimental impact of Moses' public service projects, which actually dislocated and discomforted a significant number of the public he claimed to serve. The term ‘fall' can be interpreted as literal or figurative dependent upon the reader's opinion of Robert Moses. The literal interpretation would be taken to mean the urban disintegration of a city's culture and charm. Caro clearly views Moses' creations of highways and his actions through Title 1 as lethal to the people and the city. The fall could be considered a fall from greatness to a cold, heartless, collaboration of power and politics which is the current image of Manhattan. However I consider the word fall to have two implications. The first being the concept of rock bottom, Moses facilitated the 170's decline of the city. It is not possible to truly achieve superiority and greatness prior to falling down a vast dark hole. Moses was familiar with this concept. He did not begin to rise in the political sphere until after he was publicly humiliated and stripped of employment by Tammany Hall. He quickly learned the lesson of if you can't beat ‘em join ‘em. The second interpretation would be to define the word fall in figurative terms applicable to the season. Autumn is associated with decay, glorious change that spurs a time of drab darkness we know as winter. However this decay is a sort of cleansing process which is necessary to bring the fruitful rewards of spring. This is how I interpret Moses' action and the title of the book. An eruption of firy colors, as apartment complexes were blasted to burn the old and usher in the new. Public Parks, beaches, mass-transit, and the highway system are all innovations we have to thank Robert Moses for. These innovations have a lasting effect on men and women today and for generations to come. Eventually these systems will be diseased and decrepit and they too will go through a process of resurrection and renewal. That is the simple cycle faced by every living organism on this planet, which includes the urban organism.

Please note that this sample paper on Mass transit and highways of NYC is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Mass transit and highways of NYC, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Mass transit and highways of NYC will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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