E-business paper

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Introduction

The incredible growth of the Internet and connectivity to the Internet by individuals and businesses alike has brought many opportunities to generate new industries and new efficiencies within businesses and between businesses. These opportunities can be seen in the different e-business models that are currently providing benefits to organizations. A business model embodies a plan or offering a value proposition to customers, a source of revenues, an identification of costs, and a detailed set of processes for execution.

According to Kador (000), the digital economy is driving the creation of five business models from which every e-business must select. Every successful Internet-ready organization takes on one or more of these models. Whether they occupy a Business-to-Consumer (BC), Business-to-Business (BB), or Consumer-to-Consumer (CC) environment, every e-business must develop competencies in one or more of these models e-business storefronts, infomediary, trust intermediary, e-business enabler, and infrastructure provider.

E-Business Storefront

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E-business storefronts are the online analog to traditional ways of selling products or services. E-business storefronts like Intel, Amazon, ETrade, Cisco, and Dell offer to their target audiences, niche markets and buyers, products, product offering, order taking, services, fulfillment, customer service, and support, and content, information on products and services. Their goal is to dominate and target niche markets. Further, their revenue streams are product, service margin and advertising.

Infomediary

Infomediary is defined as an entity that brokers content, information, knowledge, or experiences that add value to a particular e-business transaction. Infomediaries like NetBuy, Autobytel, Eloan, and Travelocity generally do not buy or sell anything, but rather facilitate transactions by providing aggregation services. Their target audiences are members of a virtual community, members of a value chain, or part of an industry's value chain and market sector.

Trust Intermediary

Trust intermediaries like Verisign and CyberCash provide a secure environment in which buyers and sellers can confidently exchange values. Their revenue streams are licensing fee and subscriptions, and their goal is to extract value from each transaction by enabling a safe, secure transaction environment.

E-Business Enabler

For e-business enablers like Federal Express, LoopNet, and Chrome.com, the target audiences are E-business storefronts and Infomediaries. E-business enablers create and maintain an infrastructure in which product and service providers can conduct transactions reliably and securely.

Infrastructure Provider

Infrastructure providers or communities of commerce like The Sabre Group, GE TPN, Active Wear Online (Fruit of the Loom) create environments for exchanging value in which participants with common interests can interact. Their revenue streams are advertising, subscription fee, partnership fee, and percentage of transactions.

Taking on one or more of the five extended e-business models creates e-business value. These models are not mutually exclusive. The most successful Internet-ready enterprises take on multiple business models concurrently. The facts support the conclusion that enterprises that have taken on multiple roles and manage them well have a dramatic advantage in the e-business.

Conversely, Robinson (00) states that on an individual basis, each e-business model is unique in the same sense that each business plan is unique to a particular company or application because the factors and influences that go into planning for each organization is never exactly the same. However this does not mean common linkages cannot be drawn from differing business models. In general terms e-business models can be broadly grouped into different categories, which are Business to Consumer Models (BC), Business-to-Business Models (BB), and Consumer-to-Consumer Models (CC).

Business-to-Consumer Models

Business-to-Consumer (BC) is well established by the existing, and increasingly automated web sites on the Internet. Many of the small, medium enterprises and large US companies have a web site that promotes their wares. Some provide for online ordering, most likely using credit cards.

In BC, business models are often categorized by the way that revenues are generated. For instance, subscription models charge a monthly or annual subscription fee for the service; transaction-fee models charge a service fee based on the level of transactions offered; advertising-supported models charge to the advertising companies; and sponsorship models are a supplementary source of income.

Another perspective of classifying BC models is the type of sites that sell directly to consumers. For example, direct marketing sites from manufacturers such as Dell, Nike, and Amazon.com; traditional retailers with Web sites, which are called brick-and-mortar retailers, such as Wal-Mart or Home Depot.

BC can also be classified by the scope of handling items, general purpose versus specialty or niche e-tailing and scope of covering region, global versus regional.

Business-to-Business Models (BB)

Business-to-Business Models (BB) reflects the interaction between manufacturers and suppliers. It should be duly noted that the BB models may include each of the above BC business models i.e. manufactures may come together to buy products and services, which in turn are aggregated or are further developed prior to selling to the end user or consumer. One entities client may be another entities supplier.

Where BB and BC depart ways is in the development of e-business models that focus on generating benefits and savings in the tighter integration of suppliers and manufactures in addition to technology based business improvements between the parties. This tighter integration is reflected in the development of business models that propose alliances with not only suppliers and manufactures but also competitors.

There can be many different types of BB and they all take place online in what is known as trading exchanges, portals, e-Marketplaces, trading hubs, BB portals or just marketplaces. Some examples are·A company that wants to buy supplies can place an online order and wait for a number of companies to bid over the Internet. The buying company then chooses the most competitive bid · A supplier with excess inventory offers those goods on the Web and wait for companies to bid for them. In this way, the company can auction them off to the highest bidder ·Dynamic pricing, where prices change as buyers and sellers interact over the Internet and companies will begin to choose the most competitive trading partners in price or terms offered ·Auction, where many buyers bid on products for sale. This can be hosted by the seller or by a neutral intermediary · Reverse auction, where large buyer solicits bids or posts requests for proposals (RFPs) online.

Consumer-to-Consumer Models

Consumer-to-Consumer Models (CC) reflects the interaction between manufacturers and suppliers. These models are represented by entities such as E-Bay, and 4salebyU.com. These sites offer the consumer a way to buy or sell goods and services directly to or from other consumers. Like BC models, they offer their services by providing for online ordering, generally using credit cards or Pay Pal. CC like BB sites also offer shopping carts, search engines, and sometimes membership on the web site. Where these models differ is there is no middleman, i.e. a company, which would include such things as taxes, i.e. sales tax. Generally the types of sites advertise on the Internet or through television and radio ads.

Internal Cost Reduction

Some of the features of business models focus a cost reduction and saving strategies for the internal operations of the organization, as opposed to being customer focused. For example we have the impact of business models that focus on the implementation of new technologies resulting in the change ofmanagement style and organizational structures. As a result of implementing new business models we have seen an increasing trend to the flatting of organizational and management structures.

Conclusion

It can be seen that there is a diverse range of different e-business models that can be interlinked to provide benefits to the organization. These models are not isolated from one another and the features of one can be combined with another to reach the objective of the organization. Further, these models share common functions, features, and marketing practices. These models mostly all utilize features such as customer service, search engines, and shopping carts. These sites also use the Internet to market themselves, i.e. pop-ups, or links from other sites. Furthermore, these models offer benefits to the company and consumer through cost savings from things such as rent, overhead, and inventory storage. They allow the company or consumer to go directly to the source in most instances saving time and money not having to physically go to the storefront.

References

Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J., Warkentin, M., and Chung, M. (00) E-Business, Principles and Practices [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc.

"The scale of the opportunity." (June 1) TOPXLM, Doing business in the future, now. Retrieved September 0, 00 from EBSCOhost Direct Database on the World Wide http//www.apollolibrary.com/collections.asp

Robinson, T. (00). Types of E-business Models. Retrieved September 0,00 from EBSCOhost Direct Database on the World Wide http//www.apollolibrary.com/collections.asp

Kador, J. (000). Wired for business, five successful e-business models. EAI Journal, Cover story, July/August 000. Retrieved September 0, 00 from EBSCOhost Direct Database on the World Wide http//www.apollolibrary.com/collections.asp

Please note that this sample paper on e-business paper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on e-business paper, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on e-business paper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Fall foilage

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Natures most colorful show, fall foilage in the White Mountains, was overtaken in the eyes of myself, and my children due to the excitement of being able to see moose and the natural beauty that the North Country offers all year round. I have been in New England for two years and this was my families' first visit to the White Mountains. I could not believe all the different color of leaves that were found. There were yellow, red, orange, purple and yes, there were also some green leaves still on the trees. But all that was lost seeing the other sights that were provided to us in what is called "North Country." We planned on leaving Saturday at eight A.M. The sun was shining brightly with hues of gold and red. We were planning to go to Pittsburg, New Hampshire which is about thirteen miles from the Canadian border. Along the journey we had intended to do some freshwater fishing using worms to attract trout, and to visit the Lancaster Fish Hatchery. Visiting the fish hatchery was a truly impressive experience. Seeing the various stages of rainbow, brook and brown trout, penned into raceways made us realize how majestic the trout were. A raceway is a flowing water pen that contains the trout until they have matured into the next stage of their development. Adjacent to the raceways they had a pen for a select few lunkers. These mature hand fed trout grew into mammoth specimens of the breed ranging anywhere from twenty four to thirty six inches long. From that point we journeyed onto the Lancaster Suzuki dealership to view some of winter's toys such as snowmobiles and all terrain vehicles. Snowmobile season is fast approaching and both my husband and my father-in-law are children of the snow. We stopped to view some of the new models and styles as well as some used ones. They had colors ranging from blue, yellow, orange and they also had green ones. They had single and double rider snowmobiles. While there we discovered a way for our whole family to enjoy the sport of snowmobiling with the use of a new design snowmobile trailer that can seat two people in comfort.

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We ended our travels at the Lopstick Lodge and Cabins in Pittsburgh. We were given cabin eight, which was only dwarfed in its own beauty by the view from the deck. Looking out to the east, seeing nothing but pine trees, mountains and the First Connecticut lake was our backdrop for the evening. The cabin was rustically furnished with a hunter dcor, and the interior made with varnished maple knotty pine. The cabin slept eight people comfortably in the two rooms and came complete with a fully functioning kitchen with all necessities. We ignored the kitchen to dine at the Buck Rub Pizza Pub, which is my in laws stomping grounds. The Buck Rub was very quaint and a neighborhood place to enjoy pizza, family and a frosty one if you chose to. After enjoying our pizza and a few frosty ones it was off to fish at the First Connecticut Lake.Fishing the First Connecticut Lake from the shore on a windy day was akin to trying to throw fastballs into the end of a straw. Every cast floated on a Nine Oclock angle back towards shore. Undeterred my middle son, Steven, caught a lake shiner, and my husband caught what we could only call bait. His fish was smaller than the worm he used to catch it. We then tried our luck at a second place, the east inlet. East inlet is more of an adventure in the ride than a fishing experience. Driving for twenty five minutes in the back of a pickup truck on a dirt road, in Pittsburg at 50 pm is a frigid thing. The temperature was between fifty five and sixty degrees and still dropping as the sun went down. We endured the cold and we were treated to a beautiful rainbow reflecting of the water at the sunset, and many laughs that I inspired. From there it was onto moose hunting. Spotting with two very bright searchlights, my husband and I braved the cold up and down moose alley in the back of my father-in-laws pickup truck. After what seemed like forever, four wheel drive was locked in and off the road we went down a winding dirt logging trail. Maneuvering the truck along the old logging road we saw several deer. Then we got to see the sight that we came all the way for. Standing in the tree line off of the right side of the trail was a bull moose. He was young but still stood about seven feet tall and antlers that would span a good four feet. Seeing us he slowly walked away into the woods. Seeing the bull moose made me want to see more. Realizing just how large a creature he actually was made it that much more special. We traveled back towards moose alley and we continued to spot for moose. Upon deciding to return to our cabin we were asked by a young family if we had seen any moose. They had a young child, she was about two years old traveling with them and they did not have a spotlight. We told them that we had seen one bull moose but we were still in search of more. We told them to follow us and we would be sure to find one. About 10 miles down the road my husband shined the spotter on the driver's side and he found a cow moose down in the valley. The young child was able to view her first moose because of our efforts. My husband said that seeing the little girls face light up was the highlight of the trip. We then headed back to cabin number eight.When we were pulling up the steep hill it was as if we were the only ones still awake. We did not see any lights around us for what seemed like a mile. Once on the deck you could see a little reflection off of the lake. It was so quiet around us you could have heard a pin drop.Sunday arrived and we began the trip back home, stopping for breakfast at Moriahs in Pittsburg center. Moriah's is a popular place for it home cooked breakfast. When our breakfast was brought to the table we encountered two of the largest pancakes that I have ever seen. These blueberry pancakes were about twelve inches in diameter and covered the entire plate. My son, who had ordered the pancakes, eyes became as big as golf balls. The trip ended after a two hour drive back to Manchester, just in time for my father-in-law to enjoy the Patriots play the Redskins. As I recall the trip through my minds eye, I understand why my family enjoys Pittsburg, and I see why people would live there. I thought Pittsburg would be boring with nothing to see or do, seeing as how I am a flatlander, but I have learned that beauty is in the mountains, the people who call them home, and the time you take to explore the things that nature has put before us to enjoy.

Please note that this sample paper on fall foilage is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on fall foilage, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on fall foilage will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Divorce

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DIVORCE Divorce rates in the United States have increased

dramatically in the past 5 years. Over 40 percent of the marriages among

young Americans will end in divorce. There is a lot of stress on all the

people involved. The man has to deal with, usually, not seeing his

children, being alone, and the responsibility that is accompanied with

much of the legal process. The wife has to go through, maybe, entering

the work force for the first time. Children are often viewed as a back

burner issue but more often than none they are the center piece of

discussion. The children may begin feeling inadequate around their

friends and even in personal esteem. Feeling like it is their fault they

might get depressed or perhaps even rebellious. Regardless, divorce is an

activity that has become common place in todays family structure,

behavior, and morality. When two people meet and decide their love

is strong enough to carry them to the next level marriage is usually the

out come. Sometimes they decide to have children and sometimes they

dont, but when they do, it usually brings them closer together. All

parents have desires and hopes for their children. The way in which

parents achieve these ends can differ. Researchers do not agree on which

of the child-raising practices is best. But it is known that parents

provide role models for their children and that children rely on their

parents to teach them about the world. When a cultures values and

traditions undergo a rapid change it becomes difficult to decide which

attitudes and beliefs children should be taught. As one researcher has

stated, todays children are the first generation to be raised amid doubt

about the role prescriptions that have long gone unchallenged. This makes

their socialization especially difficult. Traditionally, socialization

was a process of raising the young to fill major roles in society when the

present incumbents vacated them. Yet today we do not know what type of

society our children will inherit, nor the roles for which they should be

prepared. (pp.4) Divorce along married couples is the most

well-documented and studied of the various ways relationships end.

According to Dworetzky Divorce rates in the United States have

increased dramatically in the past 5 years. According to current

assessments, over 40 percent of marriages among young Americans will end

in divorce, of the children born in the last ten years, almost 50 percent

will spend on an average of six years in a one- parent household. Nine

out of ten children will reside with their mothers. Between and

11million school-age children in the United States live in one-parent

families. About one-half of all divorces occur within the first seven

years of marriage with the first two to three years being an especially

vulnerable time period for divorce.(pp.47-6) The actual rate of divorce

may only represent a small amount of the problem. It is unknown how many

marriages end in non legal separations or how many married people stay

together in an empty, essentially dissolved, relationship for the

childrens sake. Of course, you do not have to be married to

experience a separation from a close relationship. If we add to the

official divorce rate the number of cohabitation couples who break up,

those who terminate their engagements to marry, break-up, steady dating

partner, or otherwise bow out of a relationship, several million couples

end intimate relationships each year.(pp.7-8,0) So, why do

people separate? Unmarried couples give us a number of reasons for

separation. In one study, researchers followed over 00 couples for a

three year period. During this period of time, more that one-half of

them ended the relationship. Seventy-eight percent of the men and women

listed boredom as the major reason for the separation.(Kolata pp, 4)

Apparently their romantic, passionate love had lost its power and there

was little else between them. Couples reported other differences in

several areas as caused for breaking up, including differences in

interests, hobbies, outside of the home activities, religion,

intelligence, and education. Almost two-sixth percent of the men and

women felt their sexual attitudes contributed to the separation.

Arguments about the frequency and types of sexual activities became major

barriers to living happily together.(pp.1-160) Among married

couples, similar issues are the reason why people have other problems. An

important wife should stay with in the traditional roles; that is, the

man earns a living and the wife stays home and takes care of the house.

There are conflicts when women begin having different desires. In

addition, when married women work, they are still expected to do more than

their fair share of household and childbearing chores. In effect, they

find themselves with two full time jobs.(pp. 8-104 Understanding)

Conflicts over roles is becoming an important factor in whether married

couples remain together. Separations present two challenges to our

ability to adjust. On one hand we must cope with the additional stress

that enters our lives. Studies of divorced men and women, for example,

provide a number of illustrations of the types of stress to which people

must adjust. Divorced men often find themselves working longer hours to

meet alimony payments. Since courts usually award the mother the custody

of children, men have longer periods of separation from them. Men also

find they dislike spending time alone. Many divorced women find

themselves in the working field for the first time making less money than

their husband did. Feeling helpless, lost, isolated and in a deep state

of depression they soon feel trapped by the children and the new

responsibility put on them. (pp.56-6 Psychology Today) The division to

divorce, the process of a divorce, and the postdivorce adjustment, are all

very stressful. It is not uncommon for the divorced partner to experience

hurt, resentment, and anger. To many people, divorce signifies failure in

an extremely important relationship. Lowwer self-esteem and feelings of

worthlessness and reduction are also common and stress producing results.

If children are involved, the stress can be even greater. Researchers now

believe that the most important influence on the emotional health of

children its the quality of their relationships within their family,

however that family might be structured, according to Robert Every, a

psychologist at the University of Virginia. For example, psychologists

used to think that boys needed their father within the home until at least

age of seven or eight. Now, they have discovered that the physical

presence of a father in the family are warm and supporting adults. This

shift occurred partly in recognition of the changing American family and

the changing demographics of divorce. The focus on relationships also

means that if divorced parents are angry and bitter, children will suffer

and they will suffer more if they are exposed more to the conflict through

joint custody.4(pp.0-46) Parent-child interactions may become

difficult, because the children of divorced families tend to exhibit more

inappropriate behavior that those in intact homes. Many children respond

with anger and fear to divorce. It is also common for children who do

feel guilty or in some way responsible for the divorce and to become

withdrawn and depressed. Most children can adapt to a divorce within a

couple of years, but, if the crisis is aggravated by additional stresses

or conflicts, serious developmental disruptions may result. Whether

children fare well may depend on their temperament, their past experience,

their age, and the support they receive from their parents .5(pp.

18-17) Such parental support is often lacking, because parents are so

wrapped up in their own problems during a divorce that their ability to

function as parents diminishes. Although children may fare well in

single-parent families, the chances increase that they will face problems.

There are many stresses associated with divorce. These include the

disruption of bedtimes and eating schedules, the effects of the parents

emotional state, and the lessening of adult contact. Also, the level of

income in the household usually decreases, and this may produce more

stress. Less income may require the parent to move, which in turn may

cause the child to behave to change of schools or move to a poorer

neighborhood with a higher rate of crime and delinquency.(pp. 170-174)

Divorce is happening every day to couples in the United States. The only

problem, is that the couple thinks they are the only ones going through it

when almost twenty-two percent of adult America is also. When parents get

divorced the children get divorced too. Children and adolescents face a

lot of stress during their lives, but divorce is very confusing, speaking

from personal experience. It can be too much stress to peoples lives

but they also present opportunities to form new relationships and to

Please note that this sample paper on divorce is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on divorce, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on divorce will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

What does Pride and Prejudice reveal about Austen's attitudes to issues of class, wealth and social status?

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Through the wide range of characters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice her views on class, wealth and social status are revealed. Jane Austen grew up in Hampshire, from the age of sixteen she would have often been present at dances and visits to other families of the same social class gentry and minor aristocracy. These sorts of gatherings formed a large part of the Hampshire's social scene in a similar way as in Pride and prejudice. Austen's attitudes of class, wealth and social status originate from her own background and experience and this is portrayed in the novel through characters and key events. The first line of the novel clearly reflects Austen's upbringing and beliefs, "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." The language used here, ‘universally acknowledged' and ‘must' show that Austen feels that it is a commonly known fact that men with money are always looking for potential wives. This line is mocked throughout the novel as ironically Merryton is a village full of daughters searching for husbands.Mr. Darcy is proud, and he is prejudiced, and like Elizabeth in first half of the novel we dislike him for this. However Darcy's character develops and we see a more gentle and hospitable side to him. Austen makes it clear from the first time Mr. Darcy appears at the Merryton Assembly that he is of a high class and has a great deal of wealth, as she writes, "The report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a year." This quotation shows Austen's view of society's obsession with wealth and how a judgment could be made on a person according to their income.Mr. Darcy's proposal to Elizabeth reveals to us Austen's awareness of the problems involving the marriage of people from different classes. After Darcy's declaration of his love for Elizabeth Austen goes on to tell us, "His sense of her inferiority of its being degradation-of family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination." This quotation shows that even though Darcy tells Elizabeth he loves her, he also describes the problems that arise from his feelings in terms of her lack of money and social status. We see that Darcy is not good with words, or describing his feelings in a positive way.Austen's views on upper class society are revealed through Lady Catherine De Bough. She represents snobbish upper class society in Pride and Prejudice. She is rude and interfering but gets away with it because of her social status, she is obsessed by her own position in society. When Lady Catherine visits Elizabeth in order to find out if she intends to marry Darcy, we she her character at its worst as she makes it obvious she thinks Elizabeth is inferior in birth and wealth as she says, "What is to divide them? The upstart pretensions of a young woman without family, connections or fortune. Is this to be endured? It must not, shall not be." This quotation shows Lady Catherine's snobbery to its full potential as she openly talks down to Elizabeth and insults her.

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Mr. Darcy is embarrassed by his Aunt Catherine's rude and insulting manner when she suggests Elizabeth can practice the piano in the servant's room. Austen tells us, "Mr. Darcy looked a little ashamed of his Aunt's ill breeding, and made no attempt to answer." Lady Catherine obviously does not think well enough of Elizabeth to let her play on her piano and this is why she suggests the servant's room. This shows that even though Mr. Darcy and Lady Catherine are from the same family and of the same class, they are very different in their mannerisms. This reveals to us Austen's awareness of the differences in upper class society. Lady Catherine cannot imagine the mix of middle and upper class, as we see when she visits Elizabeth in an attempt to make her promise not to accept Darcy's marriage proposal. Whereas Mr. Darcy's views are obviously quite different as he proposed to Elizabeth even though he was perfectly aware of her lack of wealth, class and social status. In a similar way that Mr. Darcy is embarrassed by Lady Catherine's behavior, Elizabeth is embarrassed by Mrs. Bennett's behavior. An example of this is when Mrs. Bennett visits Jane and Elizabeth at Netherfield and contradicts Mr. Darcy over the positive and negatives of town and country life revealing her unsophisticated and simple attitude. Elizabeth says, "He only meant there were not such a variety of people to be met with in the country as in town, which you must acknowledge to be true." In this quotation Elizabeth is clearly embarrassed and tries to defend Mr. Darcy and make her mother agree with him in order to cover up her foolishness. Where Mr. Darcy ‘made no attempt to answer' Lady Catherine, Elizabeth tries to change the subject and hide her mother's folly. Austen reveals to us that upper and middle class society can be very similar in their manners, Lady Catherine and Mrs. Bennett both behave dreadfully in many parts of Pride and Prejudice. Lady Catherine feels she has the right of freedom of speech because of her position in society. Mrs. Bennett however is vulgar and her obsession with marrying off her daughters is the cause for much embarrassment, she speaks freely because she wants to and doesn't care what the consequences of it may be. The Netherfield Ball is a key event in which Austen shows her attitudes towards the divisions incurred from people of different classes, fortunes and social statuses. Most of the events which occur at the Netherfield Ball are cause for much embarrassment for Elizabeth. The first being Mr. Collins decision to introduce himself to Mr. Darcy. When Elizabeth says, "You are not going to introduce yourself to Mr. Darcy?" Mr. Collins replies quite confidently, "Indeed I am. I shall intreat his pardon for not having done it earlier." This shows Mr. Collins' complete lack of propriety, he embarrasses the Bennett family by his introduction which at the time was considered rude and offensive. Next Mrs. Bennett embarrasses Elizabeth yet again when she speaks openly at the dinner table, Austen tells us Elizabeth was, "deeply vexed to find her mother was talking to that one person (Lady Lucas) freely, openly, and of nothing else but of her expectation that Jane would be soon married to Mr. Bingley." Mrs. Bennett shows no self restrain during her conversation, she knows other people are listening but she caries on talking in her usual assumptive manner. After supper Mary then begins to play the piano and sing in her unfeeling fashion and carries on far to long, only stopping when Mr. Bennett intervenes saying, "That will do extremely well, child. You have delighted us long enough." This sarcastic mocking comment is not unusual coming from Mr. Bennett. Elizabeth is extremely aware that Mr. Darcy has observed all of her family in their shameful behavior. It is clear that it is not Elizabeth's position in society that delays Mr. Darcy's falling in love with her, it is the terrible behavior of her family. In conclusion Jane Austen's views on class, wealth and social status are brought out through the behavior of her key characters. The main characters in Pride and Prejudice do not work, they are members of a leisured class, with an exception of Mr. Gardiner. Work is not an option for the young women in the novel, even though they are surrounded by female servants who have no choice but to work. Austen seems to accept this social situation as normal and completely justified. It is clear that Austen has little experience of lower class society as they are never represented in the novel, the lowest social rank we are introduced to, are the housekeepers, but their part in the plot is minor. She shows awareness that mixing of classes in marriage was not highly thought of at the time. However, it is obviously not something she condemns as the heroine of her novel, Elizabeth marries Mr. Darcy. The financial and social differences and therefore problems of their match are clearly highlighted throughout the novel. Bibliography.Austen, J (181) Pride and Prejudice, Penguin Classics.Cavenish, M (186-187) The Great Writers, their lives, works and inspiration, issue 6, Marshall ltd.Butler, M (185) Jane Austen and the War of ideas.Please note that this sample paper on What does Pride and Prejudice reveal about Austen's attitudes to issues of class, wealth and social status? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What does Pride and Prejudice reveal about Austen's attitudes to issues of class, wealth and social status?, we are here to assist you. 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A Comparison of How Man's needs and Social Status Effect His Behavior in Anna Karenina and Crime and Punishment

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Crime and Punishment and Anna Karenina are two Russian Novels that both take place in the eighteen-sixties. The novels reflect two different ends of the sociology spectrum. Anna Karenina's conflicts revolve around the realm of high-class society, however Crime and Punishment's conflicts reflect the life of lower, mid-class society. The two main characters of both novels are Anna Karenina and Raskolnikov. The social statuses of these two characters are determined by the level they find themselves on "Maslows Hierarchy of Needs". "Maslow set up a hierarchical theory of needs in which all the basic needs are at the bottom, and the needs concerned with mans highest potential are at the top. The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization. Each level of the pyramid is dependent on the previous level." (Maslow)The pyramid of "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" is shown below(Maslow)

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Wherever people may find themselves on this pyramid is a reflection of their social status. For example, it is most likely that only a person in low-class society would need to worry of man's basic needs for survival. This is the base of the pyramid and includes food, water, shelter, and warmth. The level man finds himself on this pyramid determines what he will spend his time worrying about, and may cause him to take drastic actions for his needs to be met. Ergo, behavior of man is a result of the level he finds himself on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as well as in society.Anna Karenina in the novel Anna Karenina, is a woman of high-class society. "There is really only one circle of Petersburg upper society everyone knows everyone else, even visits each other. But this great circle has subdivisions of its own. Anna Arkadyevna Karenina had friends and close ties in three different circles." (Tolstoy 1)Her husband supports her and her son financially. Therefore she is above the base of the pyramid. Because of her husband's authority in society, Anna's security needs are also met. "The majority of the younger men envied him for just what was the most irksome factor in his love- the exalted position of Karenin, and the consequent transparency to society, of their liaison." (Tolstoy 185)This places Anna's needs at again a higher level of Maslow's pyramid. Although at the beginning of the novel Anna feels she is content with life, after Vronsky pursues her, Anna realizes she doesn't love her husband, and is in need of Vronsky's love. But the need for "Belonging-Love" on the pyramid is not met for Anna. This is shown in her actions and behavior in the novel.Raskolnikov in the novel Crime and Punishment, is a man on the lower level of mid-class society. He has food, water, shelter, and warmth, but is always struggling to maintain the "Physiological" level of the pyramid. "He had successfully avoided meeting his landlady on the staircase. His garret was…more like a cupboard than a room… And each time he passed (the landlady's door), the young man had a sick, frightened feeling, which made him scowl and feel ashamed. He was hopelessly in debt to his landlady, and was afraid of meeting her." (Dostoevsky 1)Therefore, Raskolnikov can not move past this level. The behavior of these two characters is towards satisfying the level of "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" that they find themselves on, so that they may progress to the top of the pyramid to develop and improve as a person. But for both characters, they almost become obsessive with what they need to have satisfied on Maslow's pyramid. This causes the characters to behave irrationally.Because Anna Karenina is on the "Belonging-Love" level of "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs," her realm of life revolves around her need for love. "Her inner passions are strong, and after they are drawn out by Count Vronsky, they tend to govern her behavior." (Anna)Many young women envy Anna Karenina because she has all that a woman could ever want; beauty, a husband who's a powerful government minister, riches, and a son she adores. But Anna feels the need for a stronger love and finds this love with the Count Vronsky. Her feeling to pursue and maintain her relationship with Vronsky results in her sinful and selfish behavior. For example, although Anna expresses deep love and care for her son, she still chooses to leave her husband and son because of her pregnancy with Vronsky and for the love and attention Vronsky gives to her. Also, because of Anna's decision to leave with Vronsky, who's very proud of his military career, Vronsky chooses to deny his promotion and quit the army altogether. "But now, without an instants consideration, he declined it, and observing dissatisfaction in the upper quarters at this step, he immediately retired from the army. A month later Alexei Alexandrovich was left alone with his son in his house at Petersburg, while Anna had gone abroad with Vronsky…." (Tolstoy 440)And although Anna knows her affair with Vronsky has ruined not only her reputation in high-class society, but it has also made Karenin appear to be foolish and no longer receive respect, she still chooses to be with Vronsky. At this point, Anna is now forced to live away from the society that once admired her. "Relations with the society of the place- foreign and Russian- were equally out of the question, owing to the irregularity of their position." (Tolstoy 465)"As a man, Vronsky enjoys comparative social freedom, which plunges Anna into increasingly intense fits of jealousy." (Anna) "As for the amusements of bachelor existence…they could not be thought of, since the sole attempt of the sort had led to a sudden attack of depression in Anna, quite out of proportion with the cause..." (Tolstoy 468)

At this point in the novel, Anna's character changes drastically. She is depressed and always anxious, believing that Vronsky is having other affairs. She becomes obsessive with knowing what he does and where he goes."The letter was from Anna. Before he read the letter, he knew its contents…he had promised to be back on Friday. Today was Saturday…The letter was what he had expected, but the form of it was unexpected, and particularly disagreeable to him." (Tolstoy 66)Anna's anxiety increases and she has convinced herself that Vronsky no longer loves her, because "under the pressure of her constant suspicion, Vronskys love for her begins to sour" (Anna). Anna's need for love becomes her only need in life. Feeling she has lost love from everybody, she convinces herself she can now only receive sympathy. Anna Karenina ‘knows' in her mind the only way to receive sympathy is to throw herself on the railroad tracks before the oncoming train and commit suicide."But she did not take her eyes from the wheels of the second car. And exactly at the moment when the space between the wheels came opposite her…drawing her head back into her shoulders, fell on her hands under the car, and lightly…dropped onto her knees." (Tolstoy 760)

Raskolnikov is a man struggling to maintain his needs for water, food, shelter, and warmth. All other elements of his life that were once of importance have vanished because Maslow's theory says the base of the pyramid must be met before anything else on the pyramid can even be apart of man's life."He was crushed by poverty, but the anxieties of his position had of late ceased to weigh upon him. He had given up attending to matters of practical importance; he had lost all desire to do so." (Dostoevsky 1)

The only money Raskolnikov receives to help with his needs are from his mother and the old pawnbroker, since losing his teaching job. The Pawnbroker was a rich woman who was able to spare more than a fair price for the items people offered her. "…how she (the pawnbroker) gave a quarter of the value of an article and took five and even seven percent a month on it," (Dostoevsky 6) created hatred in Raskolnikov towards the woman. She was selfish and wretched in Raskolnikov's mind. He was a man who was suffering to continue living. He had no job, was in debt, and needed money to pay rent. His desperation for money and a better life took over. He decided to kill the pawnbroker for not only himself, but for all of society."He pulled the axe quite out, swung it with both arms, scarcely conscious of himself, and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the blunt side down on her head." (Dostoevsky 74)

In both novels, the main characters seek to satisfy the needs of the level they are on "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs". Both character behaviors are for meeting these needs. As the novels progress, the character behaviors become more aggressive and obsessive as their needs take over their lives. It doesn't matter where man may find himself on the ladder of society; everyone has needs that must be met before their lives can progress significantly. This is found with the characters of Anna Karenina and Raskolnikov. They are two ver different characters, but their behavior and selfishness are similar. Word Count 1478 "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs." 15 Oct 001. 1 April 00. http//www.connect.net/georgen/maslow.htm"Anna Karenina." Summary. 1 April 00. http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/anna/summary.htmlTolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. New York New American Library, 161.Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York Random House, 1.Please note that this sample paper on A Comparison of How Man's needs and Social Status Effect His Behavior in Anna Karenina and Crime and Punishment is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Comparison of How Man's needs and Social Status Effect His Behavior in Anna Karenina and Crime and Punishment, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Comparison of How Man's needs and Social Status Effect His Behavior in Anna Karenina and Crime and Punishment will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Lee Iacocca: "Lead, follow or get out of the way"

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Lido Anthony Iacocca was born on October 5, 14 to Nicola and Antoinette Iacocca. He graduated in 145 from Lehigh University and received a master's degree in engineering from Princeton University in 146. He began his career as an engineering trainee at the Ford Motor Company in August 146, but after nine months, wanting "to be where the action was", he shifted to sales and marketing. This "change of heart" set the stage for his monumental achievements for Ford.In 156 while sales were slumping, Lee, as a regional sales manager, developed the " 56 for ‘56 " program which enabled customers to purchase a 156 Ford for a modest down payment and $56/month payments. The program was an extraordinary success and was adopted as part of Ford's national marketing strategy. The program was responsible for boosting sales by an estimated 75,000 cars. This breakthrough started his rise through the ranks and by December 160 he was at the head of the Ford division. In 164, having anticipated the rise of the baby boomers, he was responsible for developing one of the most popular cars in automotive history the Ford Mustang. In 168, he repeated his success with the introduction of the Lincoln Mark III. These accomplishments led to his promotion in 170 as President of the Ford Motor Company, "second in command under Henry Ford II"."Never wanting to stop at success, Lee continued developing and implementing innovative and cost cutting ideas". However, his growing popularity and success was a source of concern to Henry Ford "who began to worry about this ‘son of an immigrant' taking over the family business". Tensions between Ford and Iacocca steadily escalated until finally reaching a head when Lee was forced to resign in July 178.His successes did not go unnoticed, and in November 178, he assumed the Presidency of the Chrysler Corporation. In Chrysler, he found a company plagued with management and sales problems and headed toward bankruptcy. "On the day his hiring was announced, Chrysler also announced a third quarter loss of $160 million, the worst deficit in company history".

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In 17-80, with the world economy in tatters, gas prices doubling and import cars steadily increasing market share, Chrysler was faced with insolvency. Lee, realizing that there was only one course of action to take, appealed to the Federal Government for aid. "His speech before Congress was so convincing, that the government agreed to guarantee $1.5 billion in loans if the company could raise another $ billion on its own. Iacocca then went about trimming operations, persuading labor unions to accepts lay-offs and pay cuts, shifted Chrysler's focus to fuel-efficient models and began an aggressive advertising and public relations campaign" to win back consumer confidence and support. Chrysler began improving quality and introduced the popular (Motor Trend Car of the Year 181) K-series cars and "in 184, the minivan, one of the best selling vehicles in North America". Iacocca succeeded in changing the company's image from just another "fat-cat American car company, to the underdog that refused to die" and people started buying Chryslers again. "By the end of 181, Chrysler showed a small profit; three years later it announced record profits of $.4 billion" . On July 1, 18, five years to the day of Lee's release from Ford, Chrysler completed repayment of their loans, a full seven years ahead of schedule.In 186, against his wishes, the Draft Lee Iacocca for President committee was formed to try and convince Lee to run for President of the United States. Although he graciously declined, it illustrated that "he had accomplished what few North American business leaders ever had He had become a national hero". Lee Iacocca continued as CEO of Chrysler until his retirement in 1. From 18-86 he successfully led the (non-profit) endeavor to restore the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, raising $05 million ($75 million more than the original goal) to complete the project. "Lee is currently Chairman and CEO of EV Global Motors, which he founded in 17, to design, market and distribute light electric vehicles and is the founder and principle owner of Olivio Premium Products, a Boston-based food company.Lee Iacocca's success can be attributed to the melding of his character and business philosophy. His energy, persistence, attitude toward risk and willingness to listen to people and take whatever measure necessary, enabled him to succeed. While he placed a premium on research, Iacocca believed that the ability and willingness to act decisively was the key as illustrated by his famous "Lead, follow or get out of the way". His philosophy is also described in another famous quote "In the end, all business operations can be reduced to three words people, products and profits. Without the first, there's not much you can do about the other two". He recognized that the importance of his people as those who make the company. As a leader, he adopted one of the most basic (and ignored) principles of leadership Lead from the front. There is no better illustration for this than during the Chrysler "comeback". Lee was seemingly everywhere, "on the production line, in both high and low level meetings, at the White House, in Congress" or meeting with workers at his production facilities. He went on record to personally vouch for Chrysler's products. One of the key factors in the company's resurgence was a series of wage cuts that Lee instituted. In his showdown with the union, "he delivered a one minute speech in which he told them that he had thousands of jobs available for $17/hr, but none at the current $0/hr rate. He gave them one night to take it or leave it ‘but if you leave it', he advised, ‘I'm going to declare bankruptcy in the morning' ". The union agreed, not out of desperation, but because he had announced to them that he had already cut his own salary to $1 per year (a concept he terms "Equality of Sacrifice"). He didn't just talk the talk, he walked the walk.Lee Iacocca has had a major influence on American business and is one of America's most respected and recognized business leaders. He left his mark indelibly on the automotive industry with his numerous successes as President of Ford Motor Company and especially Chairman & CEO of the Chrysler Corporation. His meteoric rise from humble beginnings and through numerous adversities to the highest position in one of the nation's largest corporations is representative of the "classic American success story". ReferencesBooksConger, Jay A. , Rabindra N. Kanungo, and Associates. Charismatic Leadership. San Francisco Jossey-Bass, 188.Marcinko, Richard. Leadership Secrets of the Rogue Warrior. New York Simon & Schuster, 16.Iacocca, Lee, and William Novak, comps. Iacocca An Autobiography. New York Bantam, 184.Internet SourcesSenior One Source Lee Iacocca. Retrieved February 6, 00. http//www.seniorsource.com/LeeIacocca.htmLee Iacocca The Man with the Plan. Cole, Dave, eds. 8 March 001. http//choosetoprosper.com . Retrieved February 1, 00. http//news.smallbusinessstudio.com/articles/01/0/08/14507.html.Olivio Premium Products Lee Iacocca. Retrieved February 6, 00. http//www.olivioproducts.com/Management/leei.htmPlease note that this sample paper on Lee Iacocca: "Lead, follow or get out of the way" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lee Iacocca: "Lead, follow or get out of the way", we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Lee Iacocca: "Lead, follow or get out of the way" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Circumventing Foreign Currency Risk

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Foreign currency exchange (FX) rates express the relational value between any two currencies at any point in time. The value of one currency over the other is determined by simple supply and demand. Fluctuations, and appreciation or devaluation of currencies effect trade globally. When it comes to government, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), and Balance of Payments (BOP) are two methods of evaluating the effects of FX deviations; in the case of foreign companies, domestic companies with foreign interests, and investors of the same, there are mechanisms available to effectively circumventing FX rate risks. Monitoring FX rate changes and relationships daily, and responding accordingly, is paramount in ensuring the well-being of countries, the profitability of companies, and positive yields for investors of foreign companies.

FX rates represent the price of one currency denominated in units of another currency. While it is meaningless to talk of the price of one currency against itself, it is nevertheless possible to measure the changes in the real value of a currency. In essence, inflation and deflation--that is, the change in the price of a fixed basket of goods and services in terms of a single currencyâ€"is the measure of change in the real value of a currency. A currency’s real value is often referred to as its â€purchasing power.” â€Purchasing power parity” (PPP) is said to exist between two currencies when both command the same basket of real goods and services at the prevailing exchange rate. The PPP theorem basically states that, in the long run, the changes in FX rates will equal the relative changes in the purchasing power of the underlying currencies. To illustrate, let’s consider the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate. To simplify the example, it is assumed that at a certain point in time, called the â€base period,” the market exchange rate reflected the â€true” exchange rate. In other words, the exchange rate was such that both currencies commanded the â€same” basket of goods. Assume that in the following period, the average price of that basket of goods increased 10 percent in dollar terms (i.e. the United States experienced an inflation rate of 10 percent, or equivalently, the U.S. dollar lost 10 percent of its purchasing power), and 15 percent in pound sterling terms. In the absence of restrictions on free trading, the theory suggests that the pound should decline 4. percent against the dollar, as implied by the ratio between the U.S. and United Kingdom inflation rates (1.10/1.15 = 0.57). Although, over the long run, actual exchange rates tend to roughly to track the exchange rates implied by the PPP theorem, at times, these rates can diverge substantially. Such deviations can be due either to institutional constraints, which can temporarily prevent the fundamentals from asserting themselves, or simply to the fact that it can sometimes take a long time, even years, for these fundamental forces to influence the behavior of market participants. â€A government that inflates is therefore led to try to manipulate the foreign exchange rate. When it fails, it blames internal inflation on the decline in the exchange rate, instead of acknowledging that cause and effect run the other way.”

In order to understand the forces that create deviations between actual and PPP-implied rates, it is helpful to analyze the supply and demand for a currency using the balance of payments format (BOP). The BOP is a statistical presentation of economic transactions, during a given period, between the residents of one country and those of the rest of the world. By international convention, the BOP is broken down into three accounts current, capital and official settlements. Although, in an accounting sense, the BOP is always in balance, the terms â€surplus” and â€deficit” are used to refer to the net balance of the current and capital accounts portion of the BOP. Other things being equal, the forecast for a BOP deficit implies a declining currency, because it means that during the given period the supply of that currency will exceed the demand. As with any commodity, when supply exceeds demand, the imbalance will create pressures, which force the price to decline until the supply/demand balance is restored. However, if the imbalance is short-lived, such a price adjustment may not necessarily materialize. If the monetary authorities in a given country do not want their currency to decline, because such a development would imply more expensive imports and as a result, higher inflation, they can simply absorb excess supply of that currency through purchases in the FX markets; the purchase or sale of a county’s currency by its central bank is called â€intervention.” Of course, such purchases must be financed through a draw down of reserves. However, unless the BOP deficits are reversed, the exchange rate cannot be protected indefinitely, since reserves will eventually decline to unacceptably low levels, forcing depreciation in the currency. In fact, a sustained decline in reserves is often a red flag, foreshadowing depreciation. Companies and investors, however, do have safeguards that will protect their companies and investments indefinitely.

Whenever a company manufactures in one country and sells its product in another country, the company is susceptible to FX rate risks. To ensure profitability, companies, like governments, must stay informed of intra-day FX changes. This information is not only utilized to make sale price adjustments, but also used in setting foreign costs of production. Unlike government, however, these companies can eliminate FX rate risks, in the same fashion as managers of foreign investment pools. Investing in foreign companies, as well as American companies with foreign interests have the same inherent risks to common stock holders of these companies. Stock portfolios of foreign companies and American companies with foreign interests, most commonly held by mutual or closed end funds, are categorized as â€world,” â€global,” or â€international” funds, and are managed by investment managers that must not only generate profits, but must also minimize losses for its investors. In addition to the obvious losses due to the fall in share values of stocks held by the fund, losses can also be incurred by changes in FX rates. A prudent money manager can avoid FX losses by hedging via currency future contracts and options of the same. Hedging is similar to, what we commonly call, an insurance policy, in that it protects assets; in this case, the assets are foreign stocks and domestic stocks with foreign interests. For example, if a fund holds $1,000,000 of stock in a German company, denominated in Deuche Marks (DM), the fund would sell ten $100,000 DM commodity futures contracts on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT); if DMs remained stable by the time the fund sold the stock, the fund would neither lose nor gain on the futures transaction; if DMs, were to lose value versus the U.S. dollar during the stock holding period, the fund would profit on the futures contract and this would offset the currency losses incurred from the sale of the stock; if, on the other hand, DMs rose in value versus the U.S. dollar, the fund would experience a loss on the futures contract, which would, consequently, offset any profits due to currency inflation from the stock sale. Aggressive and knowledgeable fund managers utilize commodity futures markets, not only for hedging, but also as another profit center for the fund. For example, if the fund had sold twenty $100,000 DM contracts, instead of ten, in the above example, the fund would basically have two times the insurance it really needs; the additional $1,000,000 of coverage could be highly profitable to the fund. Profits from futures transactions could far surpass the profits from the actual stock transaction, and are often responsible for elevating the fund’s year-end yield standing well above those funds with the similar investment objectives that are not maximizing on FX opportunities.

Monitoring FX changes and relationships are paramount in ensuring the well-being of countries, profitability of companies, and positive yields for investors of foreign companies. Although governments have two effective methods (PPP & BOP) of evaluating and predicting the effect of changes in FX rates, governments do not have an effective way to protect their currency from appreciating or devaluating, but are at the mercy of large investors and fund managers that are constantly searching the globe for higher yields. Foreign companies, domestic companies with foreign interests, and investors, however, do not share the same fate. With today’s computers, Internet, access to information, and the ability to move capital globally, even the small investor can, not only, capitalize on foreign investment opportunities, but eliminate currency risks as well. Think global for higher yields!

Please note that this sample paper on Circumventing Foreign Currency Risk is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Circumventing Foreign Currency Risk, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Circumventing Foreign Currency Risk will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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